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Terminal Respiration Flashcards

1
Q

What do redox reaction do in respiration?

A

Pass electrons around which end up combining with oxygen

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2
Q

What is the only site of oxidative phosphorylation?

A

Mitochonria

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3
Q

What does the mitochondria allow in terms of oxidative phosphorylation?

A

The coupling of oxidation of carbon fuels to ATP synthesis

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4
Q

What structures are present in mitochondria?

A

Cristae

Matrix

Outer membrane

Inner membrane

Inter membrane space

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5
Q

What is the purpose of cristae?

A

Increases the surface area

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6
Q

What is abundant in the matrix?

A

Full of proteins

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7
Q

Where do most reactions happen in mitochondria?

A

On the inner membreane

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8
Q

Where is most NADH and FADH2 found and why?

A

In the mitochondria due to citric acid cycle and B-oxidation

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9
Q

Where is some NADH and FADH2 found and what needs to happen to them?

A

In the cytosol and they need to be transfered into the mitochondria

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10
Q

Which of NADH and FADH2 can cross the membrane of the mitochondria?

A

NADH cannot cross the membrane, but FADH2 can pass its electrons onto the electron transport chain

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11
Q

What is the passage of electrons from FADH2 into the electron transport chain called?

A

Glycerol phosphate shuttle

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12
Q

What does the glycerol phosphate shuttle look like?

A
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13
Q

What happens during the glycerol phosphate shuttle?

A
  1. NADH passes its electrons onto dihydroxyacetone phosphate which becomes glycerol-3-phosphate
  2. Crosses the outer membrane and passes electrons onto FAD which becomes FADH2
  3. FADH2 enters the electron transport chain
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14
Q

Which of the oxidation of FADH2 and NADH generates more ATP per molecule?

A

NADH

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15
Q

What is the disadvantage of using substrates from the cytosol?

A

An energetic price is paid getting them into the mitochondria

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16
Q

What are the 4 proteins that make up the electron transport chain?

A
  1. NADH-Q Oxidoreductase
  2. Succinate-Q reductase
  3. Q-cytochrome C oxidoreductase
  4. Cytochrome C oxidase
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17
Q

How many of the 4 proteins of the electron transport chain push protons across?

A

3

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18
Q

What proteins of the electron transport chain push protons acorss?

A

NADH-Q oxidoreductase (1)

Q-cytochrome C oxidoreductase (3)

Cytochrome C oxidase (4)

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19
Q

What impacts the amount of energy you can yield from electron carriers?

A

Which protein of the electron transport chain they use, as succinate-Q reductase doesn’t push protons through

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20
Q

What does complex 1 (NADH-Q oxidoreductase) do?

A

Oxideses NADH and passes e- onto ubiquinone to make ubiquinol (QH2)

Passes H+ into the intermembrane space

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21
Q

What centres does complex 1 (NADH-Q reductase) use?

A

Fe-S centres

FMN (flavin mononuleotide)

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22
Q

What does complex 2 (Succinate-Q reductase) do?

A

Oxidises FADH2 and passes e- to ubinquinone which becomes ubiquinol (QH2)

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23
Q

What centres does complex 2 (Succinate-Q reductase) utilise?

A

Fe-S centres

24
Q

What does the haem group do in complex 2 (Succinate-Q reductase)?

A

Stops stray electrons from going somewhere else

25
What is ubiquinone (Q) called in the mitochondria?
Q10 (10 isoprene repeats)
26
What are ubiquinone's other names?
Q10 Coenzyme Q10
27
What does complex 3 (Q-cytochrome C oxidoreductase) do?
Takes electrons from QH2 (converting it back to Q) and passes them to Cytochrome C Pumps protons into intermembrane space
28
What does the oxidation of one molecule of QH2 produce?
2 molecules of reduced cytochrome C
29
What does complex 4 (Cytochrome C oxidase) do?
Takes electrons from cytochrome C and passes them to O2) Pumps protons into the intermembrane space
30
What centres does complex 4 (Cytochrome C reductase) utilise?
Fe-Cu centres
31
What do electrons cause protons to do?
Work which generates a proton gradient
32
What are the two carriers used in the electron transport chain?
NADH FADH2
33
Where does the NADH that is used in the electron transport chain come from?
Glycolysis Citric acid cycle B-oxidation
34
Where does the FADH2 that is used in the electron transport chain come from?
B-oxidation NADH via G-3-P shuttle
35
How many hydrogen ions (protons) are pumped per electron?
1
36
What is the enzyme that uses the proton gradient to generate ATP?
ATP synthase
37
What is the energy stored in the proton gradient used by?
EMF (allows proton gradient to do work) ATP synthase (acts as a molecular turbine which harnesses the energy of the gradient)
38
What is chemiosmosis?
Protons moving from the matrix to the outer of the inside mitochondrial membrane as e- pass through the complex of the electron transport chain
39
What is a proton motive force?
When protons are allowed to flow back down their concentration gradient they release energy to do work
40
What happens once protons eventually flow back down their concentration gradients?
ATP synthase sits on these sites which uses the energy from them passing through to convert ADP + Pi → ATP
41
What are the 2 parts of ATP synthase?
F0 (membrane bound protein) F1 (protrudes into mitochondrial matrix)
42
What is F0?
Has 10 subunits that connect it to F1
43
What is F1?
Produces ATP from proton motive force energy connected by F0
44
What is the process of ATP synthase performing its function?
1. ADP + Pi enter beta sub unit 2. Rotation of F0 cylander and gamma shaft causes a confirmational change in the beta subunit of F1 3. Catalyses ADP + Pi → ATP
45
What is most of the energy used by ATP synthase required for?
Releasing the formed ATP
46
How many H+ leave as one goes in?
1
47
How does the sequential conformational change of the beta subunit of F1 work?
B1 binds ADP + Pi (ready to react) B2 binds ATP (ready to be released) B3 doesn't bind ATP (empty)
48
When does F0 rotate?
Once every 2 protons enter the space
49
How much ATP does 3 H+ produce?
1 molecule
50
Why does NADH pump more protons than FADH2?
It enters the first complex whereas FADH2 enters the second
51
Stoichiochemically, how much ATP does NADH and FADH2 produce?
NADH generates 2.5 molecules of ATP per molecule FADH2 generates 1.5 molecules of ATP per molecule
52
What is the total yield of ATP per molecule of glucose?
30 or 32 molecules of ATP, most from electron carriers
53
What happens if the inner mitochondrial membrane becomes permeable to H+?
H+ concentration gradient cannot be generated Electron transport chain reduces O2 to H20 still, but no ATP is generated Energy is released as heat instead
54
What is it called when the inner mitochondrial becomes permeable to H+?
Uncoupling
55
When is uncoupling intentional and why?
In brown fat to generate heat

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