Exam Revision Flashcards
What are the 3 secondary structures?
Alpha helix
Beta sheet
Beta bend
What is the charge of acidic side chains?
Negative
What is the backbone of DNA called?
Deoxyribose-phosphate backbone
What joins amino acids together?
Peptide bonds
What are the different protein structures?
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Quarternary
What is the process of forming glycoproteins called?
Glycosylation
What is collagen composed of?
(glycine - x - proline)n
Where x can be:
Alanine
Hydroxyproline
Lysine
What percentage of body weight does water make up?
60%
What is the cytoskeleton made of?
Microfilaments
Intermediate filament
Microtubules
Whare are microfilaments made of?
Actin
What are intermediate filaments made of?
Fibrous proteins
What are microtubules made of?
Tubulin
What is the difference between trans and cis?
Cis is symettrical
What is the KW of water?
1 x 1014 mol/L
What are examples of important buffers?
Bicarbonate
Phosphate
How much Na and K does each molecule of ATP allow through the pump?
3 Na
2K
What is the osmolarity of the plasma?
385 mOsmols/L
What is the difference between the absolute refractory period and the relative refractory period?
Absolute is when all gates are opened and excitability is low
Relative is when gates are closed and excitability is increasing
What are examples of alpha, beta and C waves?
Alpha - proprioception, touch, fast pain
Beta - preganglionic autonomic fibres
C - heat, slow pain
What is acetylcholine removed from the NMJ by?
Acetylcholinesterase
What is the cofactor?
Non protein component needed for activity
What is the co enzyme?
Complex organic molecule usually produced from a vitamin
What is FAD derived from?
Riboflavin
What is NAD derived from?
Niacin
What is the prosthetic group?
Cofactor covalently bound to enzyme
What is the apoenzyme?
Protein component of enzyme that contains a cofactor
What is the difference between lyases and ligases?
Lygases form or add to double bonds
Liases form C-C, C-S, C-O or C-N bonds
Where is hexokinase and glucokinase found?
Glucokinase - liver
Hexokinase - everywhere else
What is KM and what does it indicate?
Concentration of the substrate at half the max v
High KM indicates a low affinity
What do the X and Y intersections on a Lineweaver-Burk plot represent?
Y - 1/vmax
X - 1/KM
What can you say about the first and second steps on an enzyme controlled reaction?
First is reversible
Second is rate limiting
What is an example of an enzyme that uses a sequential mechanism?
Lactate dehydrogenase (pyruvate to lactate)
What is an example of an enzyme that uses a random sequential mechanism?
Creatine kinase (creatine to phosphokinase)
What is an example of an enzyme that uses no ternary complex formation?
Asparate aminotransferases
What is used to show enzyme mechanisms?
Cleland notation
What is connective tissue composed of?
Ground substance
Collagen
Elastin
What is the ground substance composed of?
Glycoproteins and carbs
Where are desmosome junctions found?
Cardiac muscle
Bladder
Where are tight junctions found?
Intestine and stomach
Where are gap junctions found?
Cardial and neurons
What is the basement membrane composed of?
Basal lamina
Reticular lamina
What is the basal lamina?
Secreted by epithelial cells which they sit on
What is the reticular lamina?
Connects basal lamina to underlying connective tissue
What are the 2 kinds of glands?
Exocrine
Endocrine
What do exocrine glands do?
Secrete into tubes
What do endocrine glands do?
Secrete into the blood
What are the 2 kinds of ducts from exocrine glands?
Simple (unbranched)
Compound (branched)
What are the 2 kinds of excretory components of exocrine glands?
Tubular
Accinar
What are the 3 kinds of secretion from a gland?
Merocrine
Apocrine
Halocrine
What is merocrine?
Exocytosis
What is apocrine?
Discharge vesicles
Example is sweat glands
What is halocrine?
Discharge whole cell
Example is sebaceous gland
What cells produce the secretions within glands?
Myoepithelial cells once they contract
What is the thyroid gland special?
Contains follicles of hormones (thyroxine) which is reabsorbed before being released into the blood
What is a single celled gland?
Goblet gland
What are examples of exocrine organs?
Liver
Major silival gland
What are examples of endocrine organs?
Thyroid
Adrenal
What is the pancreas an example of?
An endocrine and exocrine organ
What is an example of loose connective tissue?
Adipose
What are the 3 components of connective tissue?
Fibres
Tissue fluid
Ground substance
What are examples of different collagens and where are they found?
Type I in tendons
Type III in reticular lamina
Type IV in basil lamina
What is collagen and elastin secreted by?
Connective tissue
What does loose connective tissue do?
Attach epithelial to underlying tissue
What are 4 cells permanent cells in loose connective tissue?
FIbroblasts
Macrophages
Adipocytes
Mast cells
What is an example of a dense regular connective tissue?
Tendons
What is an example of a dense irregular connective tissue?
Subacceous gland
What are some proteins usually coupled to G proteins?
Adrenylyl cyclase
Phospholipase C
Where is Ca stored?
Endoplasmic reticulum
What is EC50?
Concentration of a drug to produce half the maximum effect
What are fibrous joints made of?
Dense fibrous connective tissue
What are the 4 basic cells in the epidermis?
Dendritic cells
Karatinocytes
Melanocytes
Merket cells
What are merkel cells?
Touch receptors
What are the 5 layers of the epidermis?
Stratum basule
Stratum spinosum
Statum glanulosum
Stratum lucadum
Stratum corneum
What happens in the stratum basule?
Continuous proliferation
What happens in the stratum spinosum?
Cells shrink
Desmosome junctions create ‘spikes’
What is in the statum granulosum?
Granules of keratohyaline
What happens in the stratum lucadum?
Conversion of keratohyaline to keratine
What is unique about the statum corneum?
No organelles
Where are melanocytes and merkel cells?
Stratum basule
What binds cells of the stratum basule to the basement membrane?
Hemidesmosomes
What gives strength to the stratum lucidum?
Disulphide bridges
What are the 2 layers of the dermis?
Papillary layer
Reticular layer
What is the papillary layer?
Loose connective tissue that protects against pathogens
What is the reticular layer?
Dense irregular connective tissue that attaches the skin to underlying tissues
What is found in the papilary layer?
Macrophages
Blood vessels
Nerve endings
What is unique about the subbaceous gland?
Only gland to secrete directly into the hair follicle
What are the 3 important hexoses?
Glucose
Fructose
Galactose
What are disaccharides linked by?
Glycosidic bonds
What is the only carbon that can be oxidised?
Anomeric carbon
What are 3 important dissacharides?
Maltose
Lactose
Succrose