Tissues 1

Question 1

What is the body composed of?

Answer 1

Cells grouped into tissues and organs

Cells - Tissues - Organs - Systems - Organism

Question 2

What are the 4 basic types of tissues?

Answer 2

Epthelia

Connective

Muscle

Nervous

Question 3

What is connective tissue?

Answer 3

Tissue which provides general structure, mechanical strength, space filling and physical and metabolic support for tissues

Question 4

What are the 3 structural properties of connective tissues?

Answer 4

Tensile strength

Elasticity

Volume

Question 5

What gives connective tissues their tensile strength?

Answer 5

Strong fibres of stuctural proteins from the collagen family

Question 6

What gives connective tissues there elasticity?

Answer 6

Elastin fibres allowing it to return to its original shape

Question 7

What gives connective tissues there volume?

Answer 7

Glycoproteins and complex carbohydrates forming the gound substance

Question 8

What is the extracellular matrix (ECM)?

Answer 8

Combined mix of fibres and ground substance

Question 9

What are 3 examples of connective tissue?

Answer 9

Blood

Bone

Adipose

Question 10

What is the dominant function of muscle tissue?

Answer 10

To generate force through contraction

Question 11

What are some properties of muscle tissues?

Answer 11

Contractile

Long thin cells

Cytoplasm packed with contractile apparatus

Shortens lenth, closing down spaces

Question 12

What are the 3 forms of muscle tissue?

Answer 12

Skeletal muscle (voluntary movement)

Smooth muscle (involuntary movement)

Cardiac muscle (contractility of the heart)

Question 13

What are key features of skeletal muscle?

Answer 13

Large, elongated cells, may be up to 1m

Multiple peripherally situated nuclei

Voluntary muscle

Arrange in fascicles with endomysium, perimysium and epimysium

Cross striations due to organisation of myofibrils

Sliding filament mechanism of contraction

Question 14

What are key features of smooth muscle?

Answer 14

Small cells

Single central nucleus

Involuntary movement

Surrounded by network of collagen

No stiations

Cells shorten and broaden on contraction

Question 15

What are key features of cardiac muscle?

Answer 15

Elongated branched cells joined by intercalated disks

Single central nucleus

Involuntary muscle

Branching interconnected cells

Cross striations due to myofibrils

Sliding filament mechanism of contraction

Question 16

What are the functions of nervous tissue?

Answer 16

Communication

Integrate information

Recieve, generate and transmit electrical signals

Question 17

What is nervous tissue composed of?

Answer 17

Neurons and glia

Question 18

What are neurons?

Answer 18

Cells that carry electrical impulses

Question 19

What is glia?

Answer 19

Provide support and protection for neurons

Question 20

What does epithelium do?

Answer 20

Lines the outer surfaces of organs and bood vessels, as well as any inner surfaces

Question 21

What are functions of epithelial tissues?

Answer 21

Covers surfaces

Seperates compartments

Question 22

What is endothelium?

Answer 22

Cells that line the interior surface of blood vessels

Question 23

What specialised structures do the plasma membrane of epithelial cells exhibit to allow them to perform their function?

Answer 23

Intercellular surfaces (cell junctions)

Luminal surfaces (celia, microvilli or sterocilia)

Basal surfaces (connects to underlying connective tissue, basement membrane)

Question 24

What does the basal structure do?

Answer 24

Connects to underlying connective tissue

Question 25

What are the 3 different types of cell junctions?

Answer 25

Desmosomes (also called adhering junctions) Tight junctions Gap junctions

Question 26

What do desmosome junctions do?

Answer 26

Provide anchoring points for cytoskeletons by using transmembrane proteins

Question 27

Where are desmosome junctions often found?

Answer 27

In tissues that experience mechanical stress such as cardiac muscle and bladder tissue

Question 28

What do tight junctions do?

Answer 28

Seal interceullular space to block the passage of contents between cells

Question 29

Where are tight junctions found?

Answer 29

In the intestine and the stomach

Question 30

What do gap junctions do?

Answer 30

Allow cell to cell communication using transmembrane channels

Question 31

Where are gap junctions found?

Answer 31

Cardiac muscle and nerves

Question 32

What kinds of tissues are junctions found in?

Answer 32

All 4, epithelium, muscle, nervous and connective

Question 33

What is the basement membrane?

Answer 33

Connects epithelial tissue to connective tissues, providing structural support and passage of materials

Question 34

What is the basement membrane composed of?

Answer 34

Basal lamina Reticular lamina

Question 35

What is the basal lamina?

Answer 35

Secreted by epithelial cells, on which they sit

Question 36

What is the reticular lamina?

Answer 36

Connects basal lamina to underlying connective tissue

Question 37

What are some examples of ECM junctions?

Answer 37

Hemidesmosomes (epidermis of skin) Skin basal lamina BV endothelium

Question 38

What are some secondary functions of epithelium?

Answer 38

Wear and tear (thick) Diffusion (thin) Movement Absorption

Question 39

What are celium?

Answer 39

Finger like projections from apical surfaces that beat to move particles

Question 40

Where is celium found?

Answer 40

Trachea

Question 41

What is microvilli?

Answer 41

Finger like projections that increase the surface area to better allow absorption

Question 42

Where is microvilli found?

Answer 42

Small intestine

Question 43

What is epithelium classified by?

Answer 43

The number of cell layers

Question 44

What are the 2 classes of epithelium?

Answer 44

Simple (one layer) Stratified (muliple layers)

Question 45

What can simple epithelial be?

Answer 45

Squamous (vascular endothelium) Cuboidal (collecting tubule of kidney) Columnar (small intestine)

Question 46

What can stratified epithelium be?

Answer 46

Squamous (epidermis of skin) Cuboidal (exocrine gland ducts) Columnar (urethra) Transitional (bladder)

Question 47

Where is the only place transitional epithelium can be found?

Answer 47

In the urine tract to combat the toxicity of urine

Question 48

What is pseudostratified columnar epithelium?

Answer 48

Simple (all cells attatched to basement membrane) but stratified due to nuclei being at different points

Question 49

Where is pseudostratified columnar epithelium found?

Answer 49

Trachea