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PRIS > Tissue types > Flashcards

Tissue types Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 basic tissue types?

A
  1. epithelial
  2. blood
  3. supporting/ connective tissue
  4. muscle
  5. nervous tissue
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2
Q

What is epithelium?

A
  • specialised layers of cells in tissues often with a role in separating two spaces
  • epithelial cells are polarised
  • firmly attached to each other and the basement membrane
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2
Q

Describe the basement membrane

A
  • on the basal side of epithelial cells
  • provide support for epithelial cells
  • thin layers of extra cellular matrix
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2
Q

Describe the extracellular matrix

A
  • Between / beneath cells
  • As important as the cells when considering all tissues (especially connective tissue)
  • Not single, uniform component
  • Not a cell type, rather proteins and polysaccharides
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2
Q

What is the Extracellular matrix made up of?
What colours do these components stain in H&E?

A
  • Fibres (collagen, elastin) - pink in H&E stain
  • Ground substance (polysaccharides - pale in H&E)
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3
Q

Describe the structure of Epithelium?

A
  • can be multi-layered or single
  • named according to shape: squamous, cuboidal, columnar
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4
Q

What are the different shapes of epithelium?

A
  • squamous
  • cuboidal
  • columnar
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5
Q

Name the different types of epithelium

A
  1. simple squamous
  2. simple cuboidal
  3. simple columnar
  4. transitional
  5. stratified squamous
  6. stratified columnar
  7. pseudostratified columnar
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6
Q

Name 3 examples of epithelium tissues

A
  1. gut epithelium
  2. epidermis of skin
  3. endothelium
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7
Q

What is haematology?

A
  • The study of blood
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8
Q

What are the three main types of blood cell?

A
  • Leucocytes (white)
  • Erythrocytes (red)
  • thrombocytes (platelets)
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9
Q

What is the function of red blood cells?

A
  • oxygen transport
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10
Q

What is the function of platelet?

A
  • clotting to prevent bleeding
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11
Q

What is the function of white blood cells?

A
  • defence against infection
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12
Q

where are all blood cells from?

A
  • the bone marrow of stem cells
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13
Q

What stain do we use for blood smears?

A
  • Giesma stain
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14
Q

What do red blood cells look like under a microscope?

A
  • generally uniform, pink
  • generally smaller in size compared to WBC
  • larger than platelets
  • no nucleus in most species
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15
Q

Why do white blood cells range in staining?

A
  • differences in cytoplasm
  • differences in cell organelles
  • differences in size
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16
Q

What do platelets look like under the microscope?

A
  • smaller than RBC or WBC
  • commonly clumped together, diffuse shape
  • no nucleus, but cytoplasm is purple stained (due to granules)
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17
Q

Describe a connective tissue

A
  • not at surface
  • structural and metabolic support for other tissues
  • ECM important
  • commonly contain circulatory and lymphatic vessels
18
Q

Describe the cell of a connective tissue

A
  • of mesodermal origin
  • general role is of the production and maintenance of the ECM (fibroblast and osteocyte)
  • cells make up the majority of the tissue such as adipose tissue
  • or can be rarer compared to ECM volume (cartilage)
19
Q

Describe chondrocytes

A
  • only present in healthy cartilage
  • produce ECM proteins (collagen, elastin’s etc)
  • different ECM composition between differing cartilage types
20
Q

What are adipocytes?

A
  • present in a range of supporting tissues
  • adapted for the storage of fat
  • main cell type in adipose tissues
21
Q

What are the three main types of muscle?

A
  • striated
  • smooth
  • cardiac
22
Q

Describe skeletal muscle tissue

A
  • specialised in contractions of shorter duration
  • relatively strong contractions
  • fine control
  • voluntary
23
Q

What does skeletal muscle look like?

A
  • extremely elongated cells (referred to as muscle fibres)
  • multinucleate (a syncytium)
  • striated due to cytoskeleton organisation
  • organised in bundles
24
Q

Describe smooth muscle

A
  • specialised in contractions of long duration
  • relatively weak contractions
  • whole region contraction
  • involuntary contraction
  • walls of many organs e.g., liver, intestines
25
Q

What does smooth muscle look like?

A
  • spindle shaped cells
  • no longitudinal arrangement of contractile proteins into myofibrils - no striations
  • central nucleus
26
Q

What has nervous tissue evolved to do?

A
  • deliver rapid and precise communication between different parts on the body
27
Q

What are the two specialised cells in nervous tissue?

A
  • neurons
  • glial cells
28
Q

What are the two subsections of the nervous system?

A
  1. central nervous system - brain and spinal cord
  2. peripheral nervous system - nerves which run between CNS and other tissues
    - both contain neurons and glial cells
29
Q

Describe a neuron? - in terms of structure

A
  • vary in shape/size
  • cell body containing a nucleus
  • dendrites which receive a signal
  • cell body that generates action potentials
  • conducted along axon
  • axon ending, signal influence’s other neurons or effector organ
30
Q

What are glial cells?

A
  • cells do not produce electrical signal
  • critical for maintenance and correct function of neurons
  • form myelin for myelin sheath in peripheral and central nervous system
31
Q

Which 5 tissues contribute to the cardiovascular system?

A
  • blood
  • muscle (cardiac muscle tissue)
    -epithelial tissues (lining of blood vessels)
  • connective tissue (heart valves)
  • nervous system (sympathetic fibres and parasympathetic fibres)
32
Q

Describe the myocardium?

A
  • long cylindrical cells, involuntary contractions
  • striated (parallel stripes)
  • branching
  • behaves as a functional syncytium but cells are discrete
  • divided by specialised intercellular junctions - intercalated discs
33
Q

What are intercalated discs?

A
  • critical in propagation of action potentials from cardiomyocyte to cardiomyocyte
  • heart pumps in a wave-like pattern
  • link cells via gap junctions and desmosomes and adherens junctions
34
Q

Intercalated discs - what are gap junctions?

A
  • protein tubes called connexons form hydrophilic pores across the plasma membranes of adjacent cells allowing the movement of small solutes
35
Q

What do desmosomes and adherens junctions both use to link cells?

A
  • cadherins
36
Q

What do desmosomes do?

A
  • link to intermediate fibres
37
Q

What do adherens junctions do?

A
  • bind to actin filaments
38
Q

What does the arterial system do?

A
  • carries blood from the heart to capillaries of the body tissues and organs
39
Q

What does the venous system do?

A
  • carries blood from the capillary system back to the heart
40
Q

What are the three layers of blood vessels

A
  • tunica intima
  • tunica media
  • tunica adventitia
41
Q

What is the tunica intima?

A
  • single layer of flattened epithelial cells called endothelium
  • simple squamous
  • beneath the endothelial cell layer = ECM
  • below ECM = internal elastic lamina (mainly elastin)
  • holes (perorations/fenestrations) within the internal elastic lamina IEL
42
Q

What is the tunica media?

A
  • mainly muscle layer
  • specifically smooth muscle
  • smooth muscle cells produce ECM and IEL
  • below the muscle cells, the external elastic lamina
43
Q

What is the tunica adventitia?

A
  • extracellular matrix produced by fibroblasts
  • location of nerves, lymphatic vessels, resident immune cells, progenitor cells
44
Q

Describe veins

A
  • lower pressure
  • less smooth muscle and connective tissue in veins
45
Q

Describe capillaries

A
  • only the tunica intima layer present
  • allows for movement of cells/molecules
  • capillary endothelial cells attach to basement membrane

PRIS (16 decks)

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