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PRIS > Principles of disease control > Flashcards

Principles of disease control Flashcards

1
Q

What are the routes a pathogen can spread?

A
  • direct contact
  • aerosol
  • orofecal
  • vectors
  • transplacental
  • fomites
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2
Q

Name 2 control measures that can be used to prevent/limit spread?

A
  • prevent entry into the country
  • prerequisites
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3
Q

How can disease be prevented entry into a country?

A
  • import controls such as certification, inspections, testing
  • quarantine (pre/and or post importation)
    vector control
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4
Q

What prerequisites can be used to control disease?

A
  • border security
  • traceability
  • biosecurity
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5
Q

What is the definition of eradication?

A
  • elimination of pathogen or reduction to negligible levels
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5
Q

What is a notifiable disease and what can they be classed as?

A
  • disease one is legally obliged to report

may be:
* endemic
* exotic
* zoonotic

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6
Q

what is the definition of control?

A
  • reduction to prevalence below a certain level - live with it
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7
Q

Name 2 eradication options?

A
  • test and slaughter - positives removed/slaughtered e.g. TB
  • culling of entire group/herd - stamping out - e.g. brucellosis
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8
Q

Name some control options?

A
  • vaccinations (usually where prevalence >5% and insufficient ability to eradicate)
  • statutory controls ( isolation, culling, testing, movement restrictions, disinfection)
  • active or passive surveillance to detect disease
  • treatment
  • slaughter and decontamination
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9
Q

What is an inactivated vaccine?

A
  • pathogen treated so cannot replicate when administered
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10
Q

what is a modified live vaccine?

A
  • Low virulent mutant, stimulated antibody response but not disease
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11
Q

What is a subunit vaccine?

A
  • purified parts of organism that stimulate immune response
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12
Q

What is a disease free status?

A

-“A self-declaration of disease freedom is a documented statement from the Delegate of the OIE Member Country regarding the absence of one or several diseases in a country, zone or compartment”

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13
Q

What organisations are involved in international issues?

A
  • WTO - World Trade Organisation
  • WHO - World Health Organisation
  • WOAH - World Organisation for Animal Health
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14
Q

What are obstacles are there for disease control?

A
  • deficient measures
  • neglected zoonotic disease
  • global transport
  • reservoir hosts and insect vectors
  • nature of the organism
  • pathogen mutation
  • vaccine failure
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15
Q

Why is deficient measures an issue?

A
  • funding
  • infrastructure
  • political will
16
Q

What is a neglected zoonotic disease?

A
  • Zoonotic diseases where control is sub-optimal, usually occurring in poor and marginalised populations in low-resource situations
17
Q

Why is global transport an issue?

A
  • the world is a small place disease can travel quickly
18
Q

why are reservoir hosts and insect vectors an issue?

A
  • Reservoir host – carries pathogen, no symptoms, role in onward transmission
  • insect vectors – must control to eradicate the disease
19
Q

Why is the nature of an organism an issue?

A
  • Some – long incubation period – must not exceed quarantine period
  • Some – latency – may not show symptoms for years
20
Q

Why is pathogen mutation an issue?

A
  • viruses can mutate
  • new strains can beat vaccines
21
Q

when can vaccine failure arise?

A
  • Doesn’t protect against all the relevant strains
  • Isn’t correctly stored or administered (“cold-chain”)
  • Insufficient number of animals vaccinated
  • Wrong animals vaccinated (e.g. too young, already infected etc)
22
Q

What is an endemic?

A
  • refers to the constant presence and/or usual prevalence of a disease or infectious agent in a population within a geographic area
23
Q

Define sporadic

A
  • refers to a disease that occurs infrequently and irregularly
24
Q

What is an hyperendemic?

A
  • refers to persistent, high levels of disease occurrence
25
Q

What is an epidemic?

A
  • refers to an increase, often sudden, in the number of causes of a disease above what is normally expected in that population in that area
26
Q

What is an outbreak?

A
  • same definition as epidemic but often used for a more limited geographic area
27
Q

What is a cluster?

A
  • refers to an aggregation of cases grouped in place and time that are suspected to be greater than the number expected, even through the number expected may not be known
28
Q

What is a pandemic?

A
  • refers to an epidemic that has spread over several continents, usually effecting a large number of people

PRIS (8 decks)

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