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PRIS > Intro to immune system > Flashcards

Intro to immune system Flashcards

1
Q

What is the immune system?

A
  • a defensive system evolved over millions of year of constant battle with fast evolving pathogens
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2
Q

What are the characteristics of the immune system?

A
  • diverse and complex
  • overlapping/ partially redundant system
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3
Q

Why is there so much evolution involved in the immune system?

A
  • To make sure there isn’t a single point of weakness in the system
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4
Q

What are the components to the animals immune system?

A
  • many tissues
  • cells
  • molecules
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5
Q

What are the critical aspects of the immune system?

A
  1. Barrier
  2. Identify
  3. Kill
  4. Remember
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6
Q

The immune system can be divided into what two arms?

A
  1. Innate immune system
  2. Adaptive immune system
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7
Q

What is the innate immune system present in?

A
  • present in all plants, invertebrates and vertebrates
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8
Q

What type of recognition does the innate immune system have?

A
  • non-specific recognition with no specific memory response
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9
Q

What is the adaptive immune system present in?

A
  • vertebrates only
  • and is not the same in every vertebrate
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10
Q

What recognition does the adaptive immune system have?

A
  • specific recognition with an ability for specific memory responses
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11
Q

How are receptors in the innate and adaptive immune cells different?

A
  • Fundamentally different in the way they are generated
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12
Q

What does different generation of receptors in immune cells lead to?

A
  • leads to differences in specificity
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13
Q

Describe innate recognition:

A
  • broad groups of pathogens
  • e.g., gram positive and negative but not the specific bacteria
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14
Q

Describe adaptive recognition:

A
  • can work at strain level and be very specific in identification
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15
Q

How does the innate immune system know when and what to attack?

A
  • Has to recognise either a breach in barrier or what pathogen has breached the barrier
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16
Q

How does the innate immune system identify pathogens?

A
  • through self/non-self molecules
  • recognise things that are not part of animals body e.g., uniquely different
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17
Q

What type receptor does the innate immune system have?

A
  • pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)
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18
Q

What are PRRs?

A
  • innate cell receptors that recognise conserved non-self molecules
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19
Q

Name an example of a non-self molecule:

A
  • Lipopolysaccharide (only in gram negative bacteria)
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20
Q

What are non-self molecules collectively known as?

A
  • Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)
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21
Q

What does PAMPs being highly conserved mean for recognition?

A
  • hard for pathogens to evade recognition
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22
Q

What happens during the innate immune recognition response?

A
  • The PRR bind to the PAMPs
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23
Q

What are the 7 major cell types involved in the innate immune cells?

A
  1. dendritic cells
  2. macrophages
  3. neutrophils
  4. eosinophils
  5. basophils
  6. mast cells
  7. mast cells
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23
Q

What do all innate immune cells possess?

A
  • PRRs
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24
Q

What means animals are more likely to suffer bacterial infections?

A
  • issues with the toll-like receptor 4
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25
Q

What can trigger the innate immune recognition?

A
  • By damaged associated molecules
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26
Q

Immune cell receptors are what?

A
  • TLRs
  • RAGE
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27
Q

What are the molecules not released in mammals?
What happens when they are found outside of the cell?

A
  • DNA not found outside nucleus
  • HMGB1 - DNA binding proteins
  • these damage associated molecules are recognised
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28
Q

What is the innate immune response based on?

A
  • based on receptors that do not change (germline inherited)
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29
Q

What can the innate immune response recognise?

A
  • recognise conserved structures (e.g., LPS)
  • non-specific, broad groups of pathogens
  • also can recognise conserved damage-related molecules
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30
Q

What cells are used in the adaptive immune response?

A
  • B lymphocytes
  • T lymphocytes
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31
Q

What do B lymphocytes do in the adaptive immune response?

A
  • secrete antibodies (immunoglobulins)
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32
Q

What are the tow major T lymphocyte cell types?

A
  • A/CD4+ T lymphocytes
  • B CD8+ T lymphocytes
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33
Q

What do A/CD4 + T lymphocytes do?

A
  • Helper T lymphocytes which help other cells
34
Q

What do CD8+ T lymphocytes do?

A
  • cytotoxic T lymphocytes (kills cells - important in infected host cells) and intracellular infections
35
Q

What are B lymphocytes?

A
  • B-cell receptor (BCR) - a surface transmembrane immunoglobulin (antibody on surface)
36
Q

What are T lymphocytes?

A
  • T-cell receptor (TCR) - a surface transmembrane immunoglobulin
37
Q

What are both B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes referred to?

A
  • antigen receptors
38
Q

What is an antigen?

A
  • any substance that can bind to specific lymphocyte receptors and so induce an immune response
39
Q

What substances can be classed as antigens?

A
  • lipids
  • carbs
  • proteins
  • a pathogen will contain multiple antigens, don’t need to be conserved
40
Q

What are epitopes?

A
  • most antigens have multiple specific regions that the antibody or T cell receptor binds to this is called an epitope
41
Q

Unlike innate receptors what can adaptive TCRs and BCR do?

A
  • they can differ between cells in the same body
42
Q

What means the adaptive immune system can respond to anything?

A
  • the TCRs and BCR can differ between cells in the same body
  • created by random recombination of segments of receptor encoding genes early in cells
43
Q

Describe antibody formation?

A
  1. initially each pre-B cell has the same light chain and heavy chain genes (these encode antibody)
  2. these genes have multiple options
  3. this creates vast diversity so can bind to anything
44
Q

How do the innate and adaptive immune responses work?

A
  • innate and adaptive immune responses evolved together in vertebrates = lots of links
45
Q

Most responses to viruses, bacteria, fungi, helminths, ectoparasites are what?

A
  • are both innate and adaptive
46
Q

The immune system encompasses numerous cell and tissues
what cells does it include?

A
  • includes immune cells and non-immune cells
47
Q

What tissues does the immune system involve?

A
  • includes tissues evolved for immunological function = lymphoid tissues and other tissues
48
Q

What are white blood cells called?
What percentage of the whole blood do they make up?
What is there main function?

A
  • known as leukocytes
  • < 1% of whole blood
  • main function is killing invading pathogens
49
Q

Describe red blood cells:

A
  • 1 cell lineage = myeloid
  • one major function
  • few differences (related to age of cells)
50
Q

Describe white blood cells:

A
  • 2 cell lineages = myeloid/lymphoid
  • many functions
  • many differences (morphology, size, cell types)
51
Q

What is myelopoiesis?

A
  • process of myelocyte production
52
Q

What is lymphopoiesis?

A
  • process of lymphocytes production
53
Q

How are NK cells, T and B lymphocytes made?

A
  1. hemocytoblast stem cell in bone marrow form …
  2. lymphoid stem cells which go on to form …
  3. NK cells, T and B lymphocytes
54
Q

Describe how neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils and monocytes are formed?

A
  1. hemocytoblast stem cells in bone marrow form …
  2. myeloid stem cells which form …
  3. myeloblast which forms …
  4. neutrophils etc…
55
Q

What are the different types of WBCs?

A
  • neutrophils
  • monocytes
  • eosinophils
  • basophil
  • lymphocytes (bunched together in count)
56
Q

What are neutrophils?

A
  • earliest responders to any infection = front line
  • largest percentage of WBCs in most species
57
Q

What is the percentage of neutrophils in:
1. dogs
2. horses
3. cows

A

1 . 58-85%
2. 52-70%
3. 15-30%

  • sidenote - in cows/sheep lymphocytes are higher
58
Q

What is the lifespan of neutrophils and describe what they look like under a microscope?

A
  • short life span (1-4 days)
  • granulated (faint granules in cytoplasm)
  • multilobed nucleus
59
Q

What is the main role of neutrophils in immune response?

A
  • phagocytosis (eating pathogens)
  • anti-microbials (via degranulation)
60
Q

What are monocytes?
what percentage of WBCs do they make up in dogs, horses and sheep?

A
  • in the bloodstream they are called monocytes
  • dogs = 2-10%
  • horses and sheep = 0-6%
61
Q

When monocytes arrive at tissue what do they develop into?

A
  • macrophages
  • dendritic cells
62
Q

Monocytes tend to function when they get into tissues - what do they look like and what is there lifespan?

A
  • long lived but only in bloodstream for 1-3 days
  • large cells (largest leukocytes)
  • agranulated (no dark granules)
  • kidney-beaned shaped nuclei
63
Q

What is the main role in monocytes in the immune response?

A
  • phagocytosis
  • antigen presentation very important in adaptive
  • cytokine release
64
Q

What are cytokines?

A
  • small, soluble proteins (peptides and glycoproteins)
  • intracellular messengers of the immune system
65
Q

Name two cytokines:

A
  • interleukins (IL-2)
  • interferons (IFNy)
66
Q

What do cytokines do?

A
  • bind to specific membrane receptors leading to signal
  • can have short or long pathways
67
Q

What are chemokines?

A
  • subset of cytokines
  • specialised function = chemoattractants
68
Q

Give two examples of chemokines?

A
  • CXCL8
  • CCL2
69
Q

What do chemokines do?

A
  • mobilise immune cells to move to tissues or within tissues to right place
  • they produce a gradient for the cell to follow in order to reach the correct site
70
Q

What do eosinophils look like under a microscope?

A
  • bilobed nucleus
  • more heavily granulated
71
Q

What are the percentages in eosinophils in dogs, horses and cattle?

A
  • dogs = 0-9%
  • horses = 0-7%
  • cattle = 0-20%
  • may not see them in every BC
72
Q

How long do eosinophils spend in the bloodstream and in tissues?

A
  • approx. 30 min in bloodstream
  • 12 days in tissue
73
Q

What can a rise in eosinophils suggest?

A
  • rise can suggest helminth/allergy response
74
Q

What are the main roles of eosinophils in the immune response?

A
  • release inflammatory mediators (via degranulation)
  • release a-helminth molecules (via degranulation)
  • do not release histamine
75
Q

What are basophils involved in?

A
  • involved in helminth/allergy responses
76
Q

What are the percentages of basophils in dogs, cats, horses and cattle?

A
  • dogs and cats = 0-1%
  • horses and cattle = 0-2%
77
Q

Where are basophils normally located?

A
  • normally not found outside of the bloodstream
  • more specialised for blood
78
Q

What is the lifespan of basophils and what do they look like under the microscope?

A
  • short-lived (3 days)
  • granulated
  • bilobed nucleus
79
Q

What are basophil main role in the immune response?

A
  • less well defined
  • igE triggered degranulation
  • release histamine and other mediators
80
Q

Lymphocytes are a lot more common what cells do they include?

A
  • B lymphocytes
  • T lymphocytes
  • NK cells
81
Q

Lymphocytes are hard to distinguish describe why and what you can work out by looking at them?

A
  • cant really distinguish in a basic blood smear
  • can tell mature vs immature based on cytoplasm
82
Q

What do lymphocytes look like under the microscope?

A
  • agranulocytes (like monocytes) - so clearer cytoplasm
  • small - little bigger than RBCs
  • nuclei (relatively circular) - not bilobed, take up more of cell

PRIS (22 decks)

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