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PRIS > Lymphoid tissues > Flashcards

Lymphoid tissues Flashcards

1
Q

Every area of the body can become infected so what does this mean for the immune cells?

A
  • immune cells need to be everywhere and traffic quickly to sites of infection
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2
Q

Different sites of the body require different immune responses - what exists to aid this?

A
  • specific immune tissues to allow for fat, appropriate responses
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3
Q

What is the name for the specific immune tissues?

A
  • lymphatic tissues
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4
Q

What does the immune system rely on?

A
  • relies on sentinel cells throughout body tissues
  • non- immune cells within tissues
  • circulating immune cells
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5
Q

Give examples of sentinel cells:

A
  • DCs
  • macrophages
  • and others
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6
Q

What do the sentinel cells do?

A
  • these will identify pathogens vis PRRs (recognise PAMPS) and have toll like receptors that can recognise conserved non self
  • and take in antigens to then present to adaptive immune cells to help activate T and B lymphocytes
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7
Q

What do non-immune cells within tissues do?

A
  • present antigen from within their cells to patrolling activated adaptive immune cells
  • releases cytokines to warn of infection and bring in immune cells to site of infection
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8
Q

If a cell is not infected what will it show and vise versa?

A
  • if a cell is not infected it will show off self proteins
  • if a cell is infected it will show non-self proteins and can attract immune cells
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9
Q

What are circulating immune cells?

A
  • innate (neutrophils) and adaptive (T and B cells)
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10
Q

What are circulating innate immune cells important in?

A
  • critical in amplifying response (more cells to respond) and effector response
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11
Q

What does the immune system require to all work together?

A
  • requires specific tissues and circulation
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12
Q

What are the two components of immune system circulation?

A
  • lymph and blood
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13
Q

What is lymph?

A
  • fluid circulating through lymphatic vessels
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14
Q

Where is the lymphatic system found and what is its purpose?

A
  • found throughout the body
  • purpose is draining tissues and takes liquids, antigens and, molecules
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15
Q

What does the lymphatic system link?

A
  • links most lymphatic organs
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16
Q

What is the lymphatics system separate from?

A
  • separate vessels from blood circulation but there is movement between them
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17
Q

Describe lymphatic circulation:

A
  • Not closed
  • slow /inconsistent speed
  • about draining
  • has non-immune functions
  • tissue fluid filtered
  • cleans up debris
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18
Q

What cells are present in lymph circulation?

A
  • various leukocytes present
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19
Q

What are the key roles of the lymphatic system?

A
  1. sampling the tissue (debris, antigens etc.)
  2. maximising the chances of specific lymphocyte activation during an infection - migration, no static cells
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20
Q

When the lymphatic system is sampling what is normal to find?

A
  • self proteins are normal
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21
Q

How can antigens arrive at the lymph node?

A
  • antigens can arrive in the lymph via draining
  • or via antigen presenting cells (APCS = macrophage, DCs and B cells)
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22
Q

What happens during a local infection?
what are the responses and actions?

A
  1. local infection/penetration of the epithelium
  2. sentinel cells already in the tissue
  3. activated by PAMP or damage when they encounter pathogens
  4. then release cytokine which tells immune cells there is a problem
  5. cells also migrate through the lymphatic node to where T and B cells are for an adaptive immune response
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23
Q

What are the lymphoid organs in a pig?

A
  • lymph nodes
  • spleen
  • respiratory tract
  • thymus
  • salivary gland
  • bone marrow
  • mammary glands
  • intestine
  • urogenital tract
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24
Q

What happens in primary lymphoid tissues?

A
  • where lymphocytes are formed and mature
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25
Q

What happens in secondary lymphoid organs?

A
  • where lymphocytes are activated
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26
Q

Name a primary lymphoid organ:

A
  • bone marrow
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27
Q

What happens in the bone marrow (primary lymphoid organ)?

A
  • B cell development and selection
  • also development and selection of innate immune cells (neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils)
  • T cell originate here but migrate to thymus for development and selection
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28
Q

Why is selection important?

A
  • because due to the random production of receptors B and T cells could have antibodies to self proteins (not good = autoimmune diseases)
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29
Q

What happens in the thymus?

A
  • T cell development
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30
Q

where is the thymus located?

A
  • cranial to the heart
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31
Q

What is the role of the thymus?

A
  • to screen out potential auto-reactive T cells (that may react to self proteins) before they reach the circulation
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32
Q

What are primary lymphoid tissues in a chicken?

A
  • harder gland
  • thymus
  • spleen
  • caecal tonsils
  • bursa of fabricius
  • bone marrow
  • liver
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33
Q

Where is the site of B cell development in birds?

A
  • Bursa of Fabricius
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34
Q

What are the secondary lymphoid organs?

A
  • lymph node
  • spleen
  • MALT
35
Q

What are lymph nodes?

A
  • crossroads where cells/antigen can meet and leads to activation of lymphocytes
36
Q

What drains into the lymph nodes?

A
  • blood containing lymphocytes
  • lymph containing antigens and APCs migrating to lymph node
37
Q

Where does lymph drain from?

A
  • drains to lymph nodes from the local tissue
38
Q

Why do we sample lymph nodes?

A
  • to see if an infection have moved out of the local tissues
39
Q

Name the lymph nodes? - also look at diagram and match them!

A
  1. submandibular
  2. parotid
  3. rectopharynheal
  4. prescapular
  5. axillary
  6. bronchial
  7. mesenteric
  8. superficial inguinal
  9. popliteal
40
Q

Leukocyte circulation through the lymph nodes means that antigen and antigen-bearing cells move from what to where and how?

A
  • antigen and antigen bearing cells move from local tissues via afferent lymphatic vessels
41
Q

What does afferent mean?

A
  • vessels leading into
42
Q

During leukocyte circulation through lymph nodes naïve lymphocytes continually re-circulate - how do they do this?

A
  • enter lymph node from the blood and leave via efferent lymphatic vessels
43
Q

What are naïve lymphocytes?

A
  • non-activated lymphocytes
44
Q

What does efferent mean?

A
  • vessels leading away
45
Q

Lymph nodes are a highly organised environment evolved for what?

A
  • activation of lymphocytes
  • proliferation (more recognising cells are being replicated)
  • differentiation of lymphocytes become specialised
46
Q

What happens in the lymph nodes?

A
  1. APC s (antigen presenting cells) present antigen and active T-cells and B cells
  2. activated T-cells interact with and activate B-cells
  3. Germinal centres form (proliferating B cells, generating high affinity antibodies)
47
Q

What do most B cells require to activate them?

A
  • T cells
48
Q

What is found in the primary lymphoid follicle of a lymph node?

A
  • mostly B cells
49
Q

What is found in the medullary cords of a lymph node?

A
  • macrophages and plasma cells
50
Q

What is found in the paracortical area of a lymph node?

A
  • mostly T cells
51
Q

Describe the process of cells getting to a lymph node and what happens within the node:

A
  1. immature dendritic cells reside in peripheral tissues
  2. dendritic cells migrate via lymphatic vessels to regional lymph nodes
  3. mature dendritic cells activate naïve T cells in lymphoid organs such as lymph nodes
  4. antigen-receptor binding and co-stimulation of T cell by dendritic cell leads to proliferation and differentiation of T cell to acquire effector function
  5. antigen-receptor binding and activation of B cell by T cell leads to proliferation and differentiation of B cell to acquire effector function
52
Q

Why should superficial lymph nodes be palpated in a clinical exam?

A
  • because of role in active immune response
53
Q

What is the name for enlarged lymph nodes?

A
  • lymphadenopathy
54
Q

What could lymphadenopathy be a sign of?

A
  • infection or neoplasia
55
Q

What things can be used to investigate the lymph nodes?

A
  • cytology of the lymph node
  • lymph node aspirates can be take
56
Q

What can you look at from a lymph node aspirate?

A
  • cell type = useful for identifying whether cancer is present
  • cell morphology
  • pathogen presence
57
Q

What do birds and reptiles lack?

A
  • lack lymph nodes
58
Q

What do birds and reptiles have instead of lymph nodes?

A
  • contain lymphoid nodules = not as organised
59
Q

What do ducks have?

A
  • structures closer to mammalian lymph nodes
60
Q

What is the structure of a pigs lymph nodes?

A
  • they are inverted
61
Q

The spleen is a big lymph node but deals only with what?

A
  • blood
62
Q

Where is the spleen located?

A
  • left cranial quadrant of the abdomen
  • near the end of the rib cage in dogs
63
Q

The amount of spleen below the ribcage varies based on what?

A
  • contraction/congestion
64
Q

The spleen is divided into what and what are the functions of these divisions?

A
  • red pulp = haematological functions
  • white pulp = immunological functions
65
Q

How where the divisions of the spleen named?

A
  • named based in role (red blood cells vs white cells) and visual appearance
    (even though white pulp looks darker than white)
66
Q

What does red pulp of the spleen do?

A
  • non-immune function
  • removal of particulate material from bloodstream
  • destruction of old RBCs
  • storage of red blood cells and platelets 20-30%
67
Q

What is the role of white pulp in the spleen?

A
  • similar role to lymph node BUT spleen filters microbes, antigens and antigen-antibody complexes from BLOOD ONLY
  • mature DCs and macrophages migrate from tissues to the spleen via blood
  • reside in marginal zones
  • allows activatory interactions with lymphocytes
68
Q

What is MALT

A
  • Mucosa Associated Lymphoid Tissues
69
Q

What does MALT include?

A
  • Gut associated lymphoid tissues (GALT)
  • nasal associated lymphoid tissues (NALT)
  • Bronchus associated lymphoid tissues (BALT)
70
Q

What do MALT have to deal with a lot of?

A
  • a lot of non-self antigens
71
Q

MALT have a different environment why?

A
  • due to commensals, environmental antigens (food etc.), mucus
72
Q

Where does most exposure to pathogens occur?

A
  • occurs at mucosal surfaces
73
Q

MALT have more …. compared to the rest of the body

A
  • more lymphocytes
74
Q

What type of lymphocytes does MALT have?

A
  • specialised lymphocytes with special rules of re-circulation
75
Q

What cells do GALT contain?

A
  • Peyer’s patches
76
Q

Where are Peyer’s patches found?

A
  • in small intestine, mostly in the ileum and at the ileocecal junction
77
Q

Peyer’s patches are covered by an epithelial layer containing specialised cells called what?

A
  • M cells
78
Q

What are M cells?

A
  • specialised antigen-sampling cells at the surface of Peyer’s patches which have characteristic membrane ruffles
79
Q

Peyer’s patches have a dome beneath containing what? and what happens here?

A
  • DCs and macrophages
  • some T-cells
  • B-cells
  • migration happens due to efferent lymphatics
80
Q

What also happens in Peyer’s patches?

A
  • regulation as you don’t want ton respond to food antigens even if they are non-self and need to be able to tolerise certain antigens
81
Q

What is the function of Peyer’s patches in the immune system?

A
  • activation of lymphocytes
  • germinal centre formation
  • prevention of inappropriate activation
82
Q

What can inappropriate activation lead to?

A
  • food allergies
  • inflammatory bowl disease
83
Q

Food allergies and inflammatory bowl disease are immune-mediated which means what?

A
  • they result from a break down in regulation in GALT
84
Q

What are cytokines critical in?

A
  • inflammation and regulation

PRIS (22 decks)

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