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PRIS > Gene Function: Transcription > Flashcards

Gene Function: Transcription Flashcards

1
Q

Is all DNA transcribed into RNA?

A
  • no
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2
Q

What are the key regions that lead to RNA?

A
  • genes are key regions that lead to RNA
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3
Q

In eukaryotic cells which organelles are genes present?

A
  • mitochondria
  • nucleus
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4
Q

How are genes distributed over the chromosomes?

A
  • not evenly distributed over the chromosomes
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5
Q

Eukaryotic chromosomes have regions which are gene poor - what are these regions?

A
  • centromere
  • telomeres
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6
Q

There are differences in chromatin state - what is the difference between euchromatin and heterochromatin?

A
  • euchromatin = lightly packed
  • heterochromatin = condensed packing
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7
Q

What does telomere length relate to?

A
  • relates to aging
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8
Q

What are the genomic regions?

A
  • gene being encoded
  • pseudogene not encoded
  • repetitive sequences
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9
Q

What is the definition of a gene?

A
  • a DNA sequenced that has the ability to encode a product (usually a protein)
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10
Q

What is the definition of a pseudogene?

A
  • a DNA sequenced that has lost ability to encode a product due to mutations
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11
Q

What is a repetitive sequence?

A
  • a DNA sequence that contains a repeated base pair of patterns (e.g., microsatellites, transposons, retrotransposons)
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12
Q

What can the genome of a virus be instead of DNA?

A
  • RNA genome
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13
Q

How many genes does a horse have?

A
  • 20,449 genes
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14
Q

There can be many genes however, only a fraction of these genes are what?

A
  • transcribed (switched on) in any one cell
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15
Q

Transcription is dynamic - what 3 things does it need?

A
  • location
  • time
  • response to signals
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16
Q

What initiates transcription?

A
  • the promoter region
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17
Q

What ultimately turns into a protein?

A
  • Exons
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18
Q

What is cut out of the genome structure?

A
  • introns
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19
Q

What is the start codon always in genes?

A
  • ATG
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20
Q

What is the translation terminal site?

A
  • the stop codon, tells translation machinery to stop
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21
Q

What are the stop codons?

A
  • TAA
  • TGA
  • TAG
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22
Q

How many exons does alpha amylase have?

A
  • 10 exons
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23
Q

How many exons does a dicer have?

A
  • 41 exons
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24
Q

When RNA is transcribed from the DNA what does it still contain?

A
  • the introns
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25
Q

What happens before the mature messenger RNA (mRNA) leaves the nucleus and what does this include?

A
  • it undergoes maturation which includes removal of introns just leaving Extron’s
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26
Q

What is the process of removing introns called?

A
  • RNA splicing
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27
Q

What is present in DNA?

A
  • Promotor
  • extrons
  • introns
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28
Q

What is present in precursor mRNA? - Transcription

A
  • cap
  • introns
  • extrons
  • AAA
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29
Q

After RNA splicing what does mature mRNA contain?

A
  • cap
  • extrons
  • AAA
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30
Q

What does the cap and AAA help with in mature mRNA?

A
  • help with recognition
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31
Q

What do introns contain?

A
  • contain enhancer sequences (regulating transcription) - also present 5’ and 3’ of genes
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32
Q

What do introns allow for?

A
  • allows for alternative splicing
33
Q

What do small genes inside introns produce?

A
  • produce non-coding RNAs (don’t turn into protein - used to control gene expression)
34
Q

What does RNA synthesis require?

A
  • requires a polymerase
35
Q

What are the 3 types of RNA polymerase in eukaryotes?

A
  • Pol I -> Ribosomal RNAs
  • Pol II -> mRNA for translation into protein
  • Pol III -> Small RNAs (tRNAs)
36
Q

What are each of the polymerases in eukaryotes made up of?

A
  • multiple sub-units
37
Q

What is RNA polymerase involved in?

A
  • transcription of RNA
38
Q

What do helicases do?

A
  • unwind DNA
39
Q

What are the 3 steps in gene transcription?

A
  1. initiation
  2. elongation
  3. RNA processing and termination
40
Q

What makes it hard to start transcription?

A
  • eukaryotic chromatin
41
Q

RNA polymerase 2 cannot initiate transcription alone what does it need?

A
  • needs a series of proteins/ complexes to aid RNA polymerase
42
Q

What is the very first thing that is needed for transcription to start?

A
  • transcriptional activators
43
Q

What do transcriptional activators bind to?

A
  • bind to enhancer sequences of the DNA
  • bind within the grooves of the DNA double helix, don’t interact between strands
44
Q

How do transcriptional activators work?

A
  • work by recruiting other proteins to site
45
Q

What factor is critical in transcription initiation?

A
  • general transcription factors (GTFs)
46
Q

What are transcription factors?

A
  • proteins that control the rate of transcription by binding to specific DNA regions
47
Q

Why are transcription factors “general”?

A
  • general as they are involved in all pol 2 transcription
  • switch on any gene for transcription not specific to gene groups
48
Q

What do general transcription factors bind to?

A
  • bind to promotors
49
Q

What do TFIIH contain?

A
  • general transcription factor contains a DNA helicase (unwinding)
50
Q

What are TFIID?

A
  • general transcription factor recognises the TATA box in the promotor
51
Q

After general transcription factors, RNA polymerase binds to what?

A
  • binds to promoter region of the gene
52
Q

What does elongation require?

A
  • requires chromatin remodelling to initiate and keep transcribing
53
Q

What are used to add or take away methyl and acetyl groups during the elongation phase?

A
  • histone methyl/acetyl transferases and demethylases
54
Q

What di chromatin-remodelling complexes do during elongation?

A
  • reposition nucleosomes
55
Q

Why does elongation matter - what can happen to dogs?

A
  • osteosarcoma
56
Q

What dogs are more susceptible to osteosarcoma?

A
  • more prevalent in middle ages dogs
  • golden retriever
  • rottweiler
  • grey hound
57
Q

What causes osteosarcoma?

A
  • SETD2 mutation associated with cancer
58
Q

What is SETD2?

A
  • its a histone methyltransferase
59
Q

What happens to DNA during elongation?

A
  • unwinding of the DNA > DS > SS
  • supercoiling
60
Q

In elongation what is needed to avoid breakages in DNA?

A
  • topoisomerases
61
Q

In elongation how many base pairs are in a smaller unwound region?

A
  • 18 bp
62
Q

How many base pairs are found in a RNA/DNA hybrid?

A
  • 12 base pairs
63
Q

The processing of RNAs all doesn’t wait for the completion of synthesis - what happens at the same time?

A
  • some of the processing is occurring during the synthesis
64
Q

What is added early on to the RNA strand in elongation?

A
  • 5’ cap
65
Q

What does Processing and termination require?

A
  • addition of 5’cap
66
Q

What is the 5’ cap?

A
  • modified guanine nucleotide at the start of the RNA
67
Q

How does the 5’cap help RNA?

A
  • helps RNA to be properly processed and exported for protein synthesis
68
Q

Why is there no translation for tRNAs and ribosomal RNAs?

A
  • RNA polymerases I and III produce uncapped RNAs during transcription
69
Q

What 2 proteins are essential for the termination of transcription?

A
  • CstF = cleavage stimulation factor F
  • CPSF = cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor)

= recognises sequences in the transcription at the 3’

70
Q

What must be added to the RNA to complete transcription and why?

A
  • the addition of a poly A tail helps to provide stability and helps with the export of RNA
71
Q

What are the start and end points for introns?

A
  • introns start with GU and end in AG
72
Q

What regions does RNA contain before splicing?

A
  • intronic regions
73
Q

What is splicing controlled by?

A
  • Controlled by small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNP)
  • collectively called splicosomes
74
Q

What do spicosomes cause?

A
  • the cutting out of introns
75
Q

What happens during alternative splicing?

A
  • can remove some extrons as well as introns and thus creates a huge diversity from fewer genes
76
Q

What can alternative splicing is different between what?

A
  • Different between tissues
  • Different between time points
  • Different between cell types
77
Q

What are the 4 different types of alternative splicing?

A
  • cassette
  • alternative 3’ site
  • alterative 5’ site
  • intron intervention
78
Q

How does alternative splicing have a role in antibody production?

A
  • different exons will be kept or removed during alternative splicing which will determine whether B cell receptors (which are antibodies) are attached to the surface of the B cell or free in the bloodstream
79
Q

How does alternative splicing have a role in immune response to pathogen?

A
  • some pathogens will express different genes when they are immature and initially infect the body and then once they have matured
  • this means antibodies produced at initial infection are now ineffective

PRIS (22 decks)

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