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Anatomical pathology > Tissue Repair And Healing > Flashcards

Tissue Repair And Healing Flashcards

1
Q

Define healing process? [2]

A

-body replaces destroyed and dead tissue
-restoration of the architecture and function

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2
Q

Explain the two types of healing processes?

A
  1. Regeneration - There is a proliferation of cells to replace the damaged structures(complete reconstitution)
    - Stem cells need to be intact
  2. Scar formation- healing by connective tissue deposition
    - depends on the extent (deep wound) of injury and tissue ability to regenerate

Slide 5

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3
Q

What does cell regeneration involve? [1] And what is it dependent on? [2]

A
  1. Involves cell proliferation
  2. Dependent on the integrity of the extracellular matrix
    - development of mature cells from stem cells
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4
Q

What causes healing by regeneration to not occur?

A
  1. Severity of the injury
  2. Chronic damage to the parenchyma and stromal framework
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5
Q

What determines the number of cells and the size of the organ? Name three things? [3]

A
  1. Proliferation activity of the cell
  2. Stage of differentiation of the cells
  3. Rate of Apoptosis
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6
Q

Classify the body cells according to their proliferation activity?

A
  1. Continously dividing cells (labile)
    - examples epithelium of skin, mucosa, BM? basement membrane
  2. Quiescent cells(stable)- normally not dividing but if stimulated they can
    -examples: liver, kidney,pancreas, chondrocytes, osteocytes, mesenchymal cells - fibroblasts
  3. Non dividing (permanent) cell- non proliferation in post natal life
    -examples: neurons, cardiac and skeletal muscle
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7
Q

Name the two mechanisms of tissue regeneration and explain each?

A

Slide 9

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8
Q

What are stem cells? Characteristics?

A

Slide 10

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9
Q

Name the two types of stem cells?

A
  1. Embryonic
  2. Adult
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10
Q

Name and explain 4 types of embryonic stem cells?

A

Slide 11

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11
Q

Give facts about the Adult AKA somatic stem cells?
Where are the Adult stem cells found? [2]

A

Slide 13

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12
Q

What is the difference between embryonic and adult stem cells?

A

Slide 14 table

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13
Q

Describe the process of cell cycle?

A

Slide 15&16

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14
Q

Define cell signaling

A

Slide 17

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15
Q

Name and explain three modes of cell signaling

A

A-P-E
Slides 17 & 18

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16
Q

Name and explain 4 phases of cell cycle?

A

Slide 20

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17
Q

What are the functions of Extracellular Matrix? [6]

A

Slide 22
MMC
SSE

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18
Q

Name three macromolecules groups found in ECM and their functions?

A

Slide 23

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19
Q

Name two basic forms of ECM?

A

Slide 23

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20
Q

Define Repair?

A

Slide 24

21
Q

Name five(5) basic components of repair by CT?

A

Slide 24

22
Q

Name and slightly explain steps in scar formation?

A

Slide 25

23
Q

What does healing by scar formation depends on?

A
  1. Extent of the injury
  2. Tissue ability to regenerate
24
Q

Control of normal cell proliferation is determined by three things, Name them? [3]

A

Slide 8

25
Q

Name two things in which stimulates cell cycle? [2]

A

Slide 15

26
Q

Define cell cycle checkpoints? [2]

A

Slide 21

27
Q

Cell can enter G1 either from? [2]

A

Slide 20

28
Q

Name all the checkpoints for the phases of cell cycle?

A

Slide 21

29
Q

Tissue repair and regeneration depends on? [3]

A

Slide 22

30
Q

What is the importance of Angiogenesis in both Physiological and Pathological processes?

A

Slide 26

31
Q

Angiogenesis in adult tissue can occur in two ways? [2]

A

Slide27
1. From preexisting blood vessels
2. From mobilization of EPSs (Endothelial Progenitor cells)

32
Q

Describe Angiogenesis from existing vessels?

A

Slide 29

33
Q

Describe granulation tissue seen macroscopic and microscopic? [2]

A

Slide 31

34
Q

Name three (3) things that lead to the formation of granular tissue?

A
  1. Fibroblasts
  2. Interspersed leukocytes
  3. Vessels
35
Q

What stimulates the proliferation and migration of fibroblasts to injury site? [1]
It is produced by? [1]

A
  1. TGF-B
  2. Macrophages
36
Q

Which ECM substances are produced by fibroblasts? [4]

A

Slide 33

37
Q

Give the 7 biosynthetic steps in collagen formation? [7]

A

Slide 34

38
Q

Describe the process of CT remodeling? [5]

A

Slide 35

39
Q

Describe the processes that occur as healing progress? [4]

A

Slide 36

40
Q

What are the three phases of Cutaneous wound healing? [3]

A
  1. Inflammation- resulting from clot formation
  2. Proliferation- granulation tissue formation, Proliferation of CT cells and re-epithelialization of wound surface
  3. Maturation- ECM deposition, tissue remodeling and wound contraction

Slide 37

41
Q

Name two types of cutaneous wound healing? [2]

A

Slide 38
1. Healing by first intention- clean cut
2. Healing by secondary intention- excisional wound or large defects

42
Q

Explain healing by primary/first intention? [4]

A

Slide 39

43
Q

Explain healing by secondary intention? [4]

A

Slide 40

44
Q

Explain fracture hearing? [3]

A

Slide 41

45
Q

What are the factors that affect healing? [2]

A
  1. Local factors
  2. Systemic factors
46
Q

Explain local factors in depth?

A
  1. Infection- microorganisms in the wound can prolong inflammation
  2. Size & location of the wound
  3. Foreign materials- such as dirt, sutures
  4. Pressure- blood supply may be disrupted leading to decreased blood flow to the surrounding tissue and delay healing
  5. Trauma
47
Q

Explain systemic factors in depth? [5]

A

Slide 42 and Notes book
1.Vit C & protein- are necessary for adequate strength and synthesis of collagen
2. Glucocorticoid steroids (hormones)- is an anti inflammatory inhibiting arachidonic acid metabolism
3. Age- the elderly have slower healing processes, all phases of healing are affected even the collagen produced is off lesser strength

48
Q

What are the complications of healing? [7]

A

Slide 43- 49 and Notes book

Anatomical pathology (9 decks)

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