Tissue Repair And Healing Flashcards
Define healing process? [2]
-body replaces destroyed and dead tissue
-restoration of the architecture and function
Explain the two types of healing processes?
- Regeneration - There is a proliferation of cells to replace the damaged structures(complete reconstitution)
- Stem cells need to be intact - Scar formation- healing by connective tissue deposition
- depends on the extent (deep wound) of injury and tissue ability to regenerate
Slide 5
What does cell regeneration involve? [1] And what is it dependent on? [2]
- Involves cell proliferation
- Dependent on the integrity of the extracellular matrix
- development of mature cells from stem cells
What causes healing by regeneration to not occur?
- Severity of the injury
- Chronic damage to the parenchyma and stromal framework
What determines the number of cells and the size of the organ? Name three things? [3]
- Proliferation activity of the cell
- Stage of differentiation of the cells
- Rate of Apoptosis
Classify the body cells according to their proliferation activity?
- Continously dividing cells (labile)
- examples epithelium of skin, mucosa, BM? basement membrane - Quiescent cells(stable)- normally not dividing but if stimulated they can
-examples: liver, kidney,pancreas, chondrocytes, osteocytes, mesenchymal cells - fibroblasts - Non dividing (permanent) cell- non proliferation in post natal life
-examples: neurons, cardiac and skeletal muscle
Name the two mechanisms of tissue regeneration and explain each?
Slide 9
What are stem cells? Characteristics?
Slide 10
Name the two types of stem cells?
- Embryonic
- Adult
Name and explain 4 types of embryonic stem cells?
Slide 11
Give facts about the Adult AKA somatic stem cells?
Where are the Adult stem cells found? [2]
Slide 13
What is the difference between embryonic and adult stem cells?
Slide 14 table
Describe the process of cell cycle?
Slide 15&16
Define cell signaling
Slide 17
Name and explain three modes of cell signaling
A-P-E
Slides 17 & 18
Name and explain 4 phases of cell cycle?
Slide 20
What are the functions of Extracellular Matrix? [6]
Slide 22
MMC
SSE
Name three macromolecules groups found in ECM and their functions?
Slide 23
Name two basic forms of ECM?
Slide 23
Define Repair?
Slide 24
Name five(5) basic components of repair by CT?
Slide 24
Name and slightly explain steps in scar formation?
Slide 25
What does healing by scar formation depends on?
- Extent of the injury
- Tissue ability to regenerate
Control of normal cell proliferation is determined by three things, Name them? [3]
Slide 8
Name two things in which stimulates cell cycle? [2]
Slide 15
Define cell cycle checkpoints? [2]
Slide 21
Cell can enter G1 either from? [2]
Slide 20
Name all the checkpoints for the phases of cell cycle?
Slide 21
Tissue repair and regeneration depends on? [3]
Slide 22
What is the importance of Angiogenesis in both Physiological and Pathological processes?
Slide 26
Angiogenesis in adult tissue can occur in two ways? [2]
Slide27
1. From preexisting blood vessels
2. From mobilization of EPSs (Endothelial Progenitor cells)
Describe Angiogenesis from existing vessels?
Slide 29
Describe granulation tissue seen macroscopic and microscopic? [2]
Slide 31
Name three (3) things that lead to the formation of granular tissue?
- Fibroblasts
- Interspersed leukocytes
- Vessels
What stimulates the proliferation and migration of fibroblasts to injury site? [1]
It is produced by? [1]
- TGF-B
- Macrophages
Which ECM substances are produced by fibroblasts? [4]
Slide 33
Give the 7 biosynthetic steps in collagen formation? [7]
Slide 34
Describe the process of CT remodeling? [5]
Slide 35
Describe the processes that occur as healing progress? [4]
Slide 36
What are the three phases of Cutaneous wound healing? [3]
- Inflammation- resulting from clot formation
- Proliferation- granulation tissue formation, Proliferation of CT cells and re-epithelialization of wound surface
- Maturation- ECM deposition, tissue remodeling and wound contraction
Slide 37
Name two types of cutaneous wound healing? [2]
Slide 38
1. Healing by first intention- clean cut
2. Healing by secondary intention- excisional wound or large defects
Explain healing by primary/first intention? [4]
Slide 39
Explain healing by secondary intention? [4]
Slide 40
Explain fracture hearing? [3]
Slide 41
What are the factors that affect healing? [2]
- Local factors
- Systemic factors
Explain local factors in depth?
- Infection- microorganisms in the wound can prolong inflammation
- Size & location of the wound
- Foreign materials- such as dirt, sutures
- Pressure- blood supply may be disrupted leading to decreased blood flow to the surrounding tissue and delay healing
- Trauma
Explain systemic factors in depth? [5]
Slide 42 and Notes book
1.Vit C & protein- are necessary for adequate strength and synthesis of collagen
2. Glucocorticoid steroids (hormones)- is an anti inflammatory inhibiting arachidonic acid metabolism
3. Age- the elderly have slower healing processes, all phases of healing are affected even the collagen produced is off lesser strength
What are the complications of healing? [7]
Slide 43- 49 and Notes book
