Pathology-98 Slides

Question 1

What is an agent?

Answer 1

An initial stimulus to expression of disease eg viruses, fungi,bacteria

Question 2

Define Pathogenesis?

Answer 2

The sequence of events in response to etiology

Question 3

Morphological and molecular changes?

Answer 3

Structural alterations at macroscopic, macroscopic, and molecular level

Question 4

When there is pathology name cellular adaptations to maintain homeostasis?

Answer 4

Hypertrophy
Hyperplasia
Atrophy
Metaplasia

Question 5

What occurs to the cell when the limits of cellular adaptation has been exceeded?

Answer 5

Deprivation of essential nutrients
Genetic mutations
Injurious agents/stress

Question 6

Name the two types of cell injury?

Answer 6

1. Reversible-mild cellular injury, which can be reversed and normal cell functions restored ( features characterized by : reduced energy levels and cell swelling).
2. Irreversible- permanent cell damage which is characterized by apoptosis and necrosis

Question 7

What are the causes of cell injury?

Answer 7

1. Hypoxia ( ischemia, blood loss,anemia)
2. Physical agents (heat,cold,trauma,radiation)
3. Chemical agents (drugs, acids)
4. Infections

Question 8

Cell injury leads to?

Answer 8

Aging
Nutritional imbalance
Genetic disease
Immunological reaction (external agents-anaphylaxis & endogenous agents autoimmunity)

Question 9

Cell injury continues: what are oxygen derived free radicals (ROS’s)?

Answer 9

Unstable partially reduced molecules with unpaired electrons on their most outer orbitals, making them form chemical bonds.

Question 10

When are ROS produced ?

Answer 10

Chemical &radiation Injury
Cellular aging
Phagocytes activity-microbial killing
Ischemia re-perfusion Injury

Question 11

Give examples of ROS?

Answer 11

Superoxide anion
hydrogen peroxide

Question 12

what does ROS affect?

Answer 12

Lipids
Proteins
Nuclei acids

Question 13

How to prevent ROS?

Answer 13

Balanced diet