Inflammation-61 Slides Flashcards
What is inflammation?
Initial response of tissue from injurious agent
Reaction of vascularized living tissue to injury
Inflammation is protective response to?
Removal of injurious agent
Removal of consequences of cell injury
Preparation of cell healing and repair
What she the mediators of defense during inflammation?
- Complementary proteins
- Phagocytosis leukocytes
- Antibodies
What are the sequence of events in inflammation reaction?
- Recognize
- Recruitment
- Removal
- Regulation
- Resolution
Describe each type of inflammation?
1.Acute- rapid onset+ short duration
Characterized by : exudation(fluid+ plasma protiens) edema and accumulation of leukocytes= neutrophils
- Chronic- longer duration, can have an acute or chronic start
Characterized by: lymphocytes & macrophage, destruction, proliferation of blood vessels & fibrosis
Stimulus for acute inflammation?
- Trauma: physical and chemical agents, burns,irradiation
- Infections: microorganisms, toxin
- Foreign bodies: dirt and sutures
- Tissue necrosis: molecules released from necrotic cells
- immune/hypersensitivity: body attacking its self or excessive reaction to something
What are the two main components of acute inflammation?
- Vascular changes
- Cellular changes
What are the three main activities or components occurring in vascular changes?
- Vaporization
- Increased vascular permeability
- Immigration of leukocytes
What are the main activities or components occurring in cellular changes?
1.Adhesion of leukocytes to endothelial at inflammation site
2. Transmigration of leukocytes through vessel wall toward the offending cells
3. Elimination of the offending cells
What are the four stages of leukocytes migration?
- Margination- movement of leukocytes toward the vessel wall
- Rolling
- Adhesion
- Emigration- leukocytes leaving the vessel wall to the tissue site
What is the collateral damage cause by leukocytes?
They cause injury to normal cells and tissue
When do we see collateral damage?
- Prolonged inflammation in infections difficult to treat eg= TB
- Inflammation directed at host tissue eg= autoimmune
- Hyper-reaction towards a harmless stimulus eg= allergies
What causes defects in leukocytes function?
1.Genetic disorder- abnormal in their receptors
2. Bone marrow suppression
3. Metabolic diseases- DM
What is the result of leukocytes suppression ?
Increased susceptibility to infections
What are inflammation mediators?
Chemicals that initiate and regulate the process of inflammation
Where are the inflammation mediators derived from?
- Cells
- Plasma
- Synthesized in the liver but are inactive and are activated by proteolysis( process of breaking down protein to amino acids)
What are the effects of histamine?
- Acute inflammation mediators
- Source from - Mast cells, basophils, platelets
- Dilation of arterioles and increases permeability of venules
Mast cell degradation occurs due to?
- Allergic reaction- IgE bind to receptors
- Physical agent - trauma, heat, cold
- Complementary activation
What produced prostaglandin, which is also an acute inflammation mediators?
- Leukocytes
- Endothelial cells
- Platelets
How are Prostaglandin released?
What are the clinical signs of acute inflammation?
- Rubor(redness)- due to dilation of small blood vessels
- Calor(heat)- due to increased blood flow
- Dolor(pain)- from edema and mass of inflammation
- Loss of functions - due to pain and swelling
Define exudate and transudate?
1.Exudate- extravascular fluid high in protein, cellular debris, and high in specific gravity
- Transudate- extravascular fluid with low protein, no cellular and low specific gravity
Define pus?
Inflammatory exudate richin leukocytes (neutrophils), cellular debris and sometimes microbes.
Special morphological patterns of inflammation?
- Fibrinous inflammation
- Ulceration
- Purulent inflammation
- Serous inflammation
Define Ulcer?
Inflammation where epithelial surface has become necrotic and eroded
