Tissue level of Organization Flashcards
Groups of cells with common embryonic origin and functions
Tissues
is the science that deals with the
study of tissues
Histology
4 basic types of tissue
Epithelial
Connective
Muscular
Nervous
Cells lie close together in continuous sheets with little extracellular material
Epithelial Tissue
- Cover surfaces and line cavities; always a free (apical) surface
- Forms glands
Epithelial Tissue
- Has no blood vessels (is avascular)
- Has a nerve supply
- Has a high capacity for cell division
Epithelial Tissue
Arrangement of cells in layers
Simple epithelium: 1 layer of cells
Stratified Epithelium: more than 1 layer of cells
more than 1 layer of cells
Stratified Epithelium
1 layer of cells
Simple epithelium
Cell Shapes
Squamous
Cuboidal
Columnar
Transitional (change shape)
- Important for filtration (kidneys) or diffusion (lungs, capillaries)
- Called endothelium when lining heart, blood and lymphatic vessels
- Called mesothelium when in serous membranes
Simple Epithelium
single layer of flat cells
Simple Squamous Epithelium
- Single layer of cube-shaped cells; round, centrally located nucleus.
- Covers surface of ovary; anterior surface of lens of the eye; forms pigmented epithelium at posterior surface of retina of the eye, lines kidney tubules and smaller ducts of many glands; secreting portion of some glands
- Function: Secretion and absorption.
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
Cube-shaped cells, rounded nuclei
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
Noncilated
Simple Columnar Epithelium
Cilated
Simple Columnar Epithelium
Appears stratified; nuclei at various levels
Pseudostratified Columnar
- Apical layer cells are flat
- Deep layers vary from cuboidal to columnar
- Cells in the basal layer divide and move upward toward apical surface
- Found in areas of surface wear and tear
Stratified Squamous Epithelium
develops tough layer of keratin in apical layer
Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
does not contain large amounts of keratin, constantly moistened by mucus
Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
Keratinized (dead) surface cells
Stratified Squamous Epithelium
Rare
Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium
Variable in appearance; cells can stretch
Transitional Epithelium
Main function is secretion
Glandular Epithelium
may consist of a single cell or a group of cells that secrete substances into ducts (tubes), onto a surface, or into the blood.
Gland
Glands classification
Endocrine
Exocrine
hormones
Endocrine
secrete products into ducts that empty onto the surface
Exocrine
-Most abundant tissue type; typically found between other tissues
-Diverse functions that vary by specific tissue type
-Has good blood supply; exception: cartilage is avascular
Connective Tissue
Two basic elements of connective tissue
extracellular matrix and cells
present in several tissues
Fibroblasts
formed from monocytes
Macrophages
develop from B lymphocytes
Plasma cells
Secrete fibers
Fibroblasts
Engulf bacteria and cell debris by phagocytosis
Macrophages
Make antibodies
Plasma cells
- near blood cells
- Part of an inflammatory reaction: produce histamine that dilates blood vessels
Mast cells
- fat cells or adipose cells
- Store triglycerides (fat) for energy and provide protection
Adipocytes
in response to certain conditions they migrate from blood into connective tissues.
White blood cells
gather at sites of infection, phagocytosis
neutrophils
antibody production
lymphoctes
largest WBC, phagocytosis
monocytes
impt. in parasitic invasion, allergic response
eosinophils
contain histamine, hypersensitivity rxn
basophils
Embryonic connective tissues
Mesenchyme
Mucous connective tissue
forms almost all other types of
connective tissue
Mesenchyme
umbilical cord of fetus, support
Mucous connective tissue
Mature connective tissues
Loose connective tissues
Dense connective tissues
Cartilage
Bone tissue
Liquid connective tissue
Classification of Connective Tissues
Embryonic connective tissues
Mature connective tissues
called “packing material” of the body. Provide strength, elasticity, support
Areola Connective Tissue
derived from fibroblasts (adipocytes), reduces heat loss & serves as an energy reserve.
Adipose Tissue
forms stroma (supporting network)of organs, removes worn-out blood cells in spleen and microbes in lymph nodes.
Reticular Connective Tissue
forms tendons, most ligaments, and aponeuroses. Provides strong attachment between various structures
Dense Regular Connective Tissue
provides tensile (pulling) strength in many directions.
Dense Irregular Connective Tissue
predominantly elastic fibers with fibroblasts, allows stretching of various organs.
Elastic Connective Tissue
- Dense network of collagen and elastic fibers embedded in chondroitin sulfate
- Stronger than dense fibrous connective tissue
CARTILAGE
- Has no blood vessels or nerves
- Surrounded by perichondrium- source of new cartilage cells
- a support tissue in the body & precursor to bone
CARTILAGE
Types of Cartilage
Hyaline
Fibrocartilage
Elastic
- appears clear because fibers are not easily visible
- Example: at ends of long bones, fetal skeleton
Hyaline
- fibers visible
- Strongest type
- Example: vertebral discs, knee cartilages (menisci)
Fibrocartilage
- chondrocytes in threadlike elastic network
- Example: ear cartilage
Elastic
*Most abundant & the weakest type of cartilage.
*Provides smooth surfaces for movement at joints, flexibility,
Hyaline Cartilage
Support and joining structures together. Strongest type of cartilage.
Fibrocartilage
Provides strength and elasticity; maintains shape of certain structures.
Elastic Cartilage
- Forms most of the skeleton
- Supports, protects, and allows movements; site of blood formation and storage of minerals
- Dense matrix made rigid by calcium and phosphorus salts
Osseous Tissue
basic unit is osteon or haversian sys
compact
lacks osteons. Consists of columns of bone called trabeculae
spongy
found within blood vessels
Blood
found within lymph vessels
Lymph
line body cavities and passageways open to the exterior
Mucous membranes
line closed cavities
and surrounds organs located there
Serous membranes
Secretemucus
Mucous membranes
lubricates food as it moves through the GIT. Secretes some enzymes needed for digestion.
Mucous membrane
serous fluid (watery lubricant ) that allows organs to glide easily over one another or to slide against the walls of cavities.
Serous membrane
Body Membranes: Four Types
Cutaneous membranes
Synovial membranes
Mucous membranes
Serous membranes
line cavities of
most joints
Synovial membranes
Synovial fluid lubricates and nourishes the cartilage covering the bones at movable joints, contains macrophages that remove microbes
Synovial Membranes
- consist of elongated cells called muscle fibers or myocytes
- Functions
-Motion, posture, heat production, protection.
MUSCULAR TISSUE
3 types of muscular tissue
Skeletal muscle
Cardiac muscle
Smooth muscle
pulls on bones allowing body
movements
Skeletal muscle
forms wall of heart; pumps blood through blood vessels
Cardiac muscle
walls of hollow organs such as stomach and bladder
Smooth muscle
Similar to testosterone taken to increase muscle size by increasing the synthesis of proteins in muscle = increasing strength.
Anabolic Steroids
injected deep into the muscle, past the dermis and SQ.
Intramuscal Route (IM) of Administration
Medications commonly given by IM route
Antibiotics
Biologicals
Hormonal agents
Pen G benzathine, streptomycin
Antibiotics
Ig, vaccines, toxoids
Biologicals
testosterone, medroxyprogesterone
Hormonal agents
upper outer quadrant within the buttocks
Dorsogluteal Region
the drug is injected into the triangle formed by the index, middle finger, and the iliac crest
Ventrogluteal Region
2.5 to 5 cm below the acromion process
Deltoid
middle third of the line joining the greater trochanter of the femur and the lateral femoral condyle of the knee
Vastus Lateralis
Most Common Sites in Giving IM injections
Dorsogluteal Region
Ventrogluteal Region
Deltoid
Vastus Lateralis
conduct nerve impulses
Nervous Tissue
Types of cells (nervous tissue)
Neurons
Neuroglia
convertstimuliintonerve impulses (action potentials), and conduct them
Neurons
do not generate nerve impulses, but serve supportive functions
Neuroglia
- New cells from stroma or parenchyma
- Epithelial cells originate from stem cells in defined areas of tissue layer
- Bone regenerates readily, cartilage poorly
- Muscular tissue can replace cells but slowly
Tissue Repair
poorest at replacement although some stem cells seem to be available
Nerve tissue
Factors Affecting Tissue Repair
Nutrition (protein, Vit.)
Blood circulation
Age