lymphatic system Flashcards
the ability to ward off damage or disease through ourdefenses
Immunity
2 General Types of immunity
Innate Immunity
Adaptive Immunity
Slower, specific & has a memory
adapts or adjusts to handle a specific microbe
Adaptive Immunity
defenses that are present at birth
Fast, non-specific and no memory
Innate Immunity
Lymphocytes
T-cells & B-cells
Reticular connective tissue containing
lymphocytes
Lymphatic tissue
Interstitial fluid in lymphatic vessels
Lymph
FUNCTIONS of lymphatic system
Drains excess interstitial fluid
Transports dietary lipids. - lipid-soluble vitamins
(A, D, E, and K) absorbed by the GIT
Carries out immune responses.
Defenses that are present at birth
Fast, non-specific and no memory
INNATE IMMUNITY
Site for most immune responses occur in
Secondary organs
Secondary organs
Lymph nodes
Spleen
Lymphatic nodules (follicles)
Two lobed organ (bilobed)
Located in the mediastinum between the
sternum and the aorta
THYMUS
From tissue to veins
Pumped by muscle & respiratory pumps like
venous return
LYMPHATIC FLOW
Scattered throughout the body
Concentrated near mammary glands, axilla
&groinn Contain mature B-cells, T-cells,
dendritic cellsand macrophagesn Function as a
type of filter, trap foreign substancesq
macrophages destroy some foreignsubstances
by phagocytosisq lymphocytes destroy others by
immuneresponses
LYMPH NODES
Site where stem cells divide & become
immunocompetent
PRIMARY LYMPHATIC ORGANS
The spread of a disease from one part
of the body to another
Metastasis
Four main types of antimicrobial substances
INTERFERONS
COMPLEMENT SYSTEM
IRON-BINDING PROTEINS
ANTIMICROBIAL PEPTIDES
(alpha-, beta-, and gamma-IFN)
Interfere with viral reproduction in a cell
INTERFERONS
Enhance other immune actions
Break cell membranes
Attract phagocytes
Tag microbial cells for destruction
COMPLEMENT SYSTEM
Bind iron and starve bacteria
IRON-BINDING PROTEINS
Lyse microbes
ANTIMICROBIAL PEPTIDES
Between stomach & diaphragm
Contains blood filled venous sinuses and RBCs,
macrophages, lymphocytes plasma cells &
granular leukocytes
SPLEEN
SPLEEN Performs three functions related to blood cells namely;
- Removal by macrophages of ruptured,
worn out, or defective blood cells and
platelets - Storage of platelets, up to one-third of
the body’s supply - Production of blood cells (hemopoiesis)
during fetal life
Removal of the spleen
Splenectomy
The spleen’s absence also places the patient at
higher risk for _____________
sepsis (a blood infection)
Crushing injury may result in a __________which causes significant hemorrhage and shock
ruptured spleen
Specialized to ingest microbes and
cellular debris (phagocytosis)
Phagocytes
Two major types of phagocytes
○ Neutrophils
○ macrophages
5-10% of lymphocytes =
Natural Killer (NK)
Cells
Present in lymph nodes & red bone
marrow
Destroy microbes & tumor cells
Natural Killer (NK)
Perforin =
cytolysis
Granzymes =
apoptosis
a nonspecific, defensive response of the body to tissue damage
INFLAMMATION
Four characteristic signs and symptoms of
inflammation
○ Redness
○ Pain
○ Heat
○ Swelling
Egg-shaped masses of lymphatic tissue that are
not surrounded by a capsule
Occur in multiple large aggregations in specific
parts of the body
Includes tonsils in the pharyngeal region and the
aggregated lymphatic follicles (Peyer’s patches)
in the ileum of the small intestine
LYMPHATIC NODULES
strategically positioned to participate
in immune responses against inhaled or
ingested foreign substances
Tonsils
Epidermal structure & constant
shedding
Skin
Sticky mucus layer straps microbes, etc.
and cilia move it out
Mucous membranes
Dilute and antibacterial action
Fluids
flow of urine, defecation & vomiting
Movement
a prime symptom of inflammation
Pain(dolor)
The three stages of inflammation :
- Vasodilation and increased permeability
of blood vessels - Phagocyte emigration
- Tissue repair
Abnormally high body temperature
Stimulated by many toxins or internal signals
FEVER
Cytokine that plays a role in the
regulation of immune and inflammatory
responses to infections
Interleukin-1
Distinguish adaptive from innate immunity
Normally self–tolerant
ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY
for particular foreign
molecules(antigens)
Specificity
for most previously
encountered antigens
Memory
Does not attack normal body tissue
Normally self–tolerant
A rare inherited disorder in which both B cells and Tcells are missing or inactive
bubble boy disease
hang around for years, give
rapid response if the same antigen enters the body again in the future
Memory T cells
kill cells
Work against tumor cells transplanted
cells & infected cells
Cytotoxic T cells
Release IL2, attract phagocytes,
stimulate macrophages & B cells
Helper T cells (CD4 T cells)
Forms a clone of many recognizing cells
T-cell begins rapidly dividing
ANTIBODY CLASS ACTIONS
Neutralizing antigen
Immobilizing bacteria
Agglutinating
Activating complement
Enhancing phagocytosis
Long lasting antibodies & lymphocytes
Many sensitive memory cells ->
Much larger & quicker response next time =
Secondary Response
Primary response can be naturally acquired
Or artificially acquired by vaccination
IMMUNOLOGICAL MEMORY
a hormone secreted by the adrenal
cortex in association with the stress response, inhibits immune system activity
Cortisol
Deals with communication pathways
that link the nervous, endocrine, and
immune systems
Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI)
decreased production of
thymic hormones
Thymus atrophies
Tend to produce more autoantibodies
Fewer responsive T cells
Thus poorer B cell response
Poorer response to new infection
AGING
produce & release antibodies that
bind the antigen
Plasma cells
