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HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY > Integumentary system > Flashcards

Integumentary system Flashcards

1
Q

cutaneous membrane

A

skin

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2
Q
  1. Regulates body temperature.
  2. Stores blood.
  3. Protects body from external environment.
  4. Detects cutaneous sensations.
  5. Excretes and absorbs substances.
  6. Synthesizes vitamin D.
A

Skin

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3
Q

Two main parts of integumentary system

A

Epidermis
Dermis

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4
Q

surface epithelial layer

A

Epidermis

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5
Q

deeper connective tissue layer

A

Dermis

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6
Q

lies deep to dermis; is not part of the skin

A

Subcutaneous (subQ) layer or hypodermis

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7
Q

nerve endings that are sensitive to pressure.

A

pacinian (lamellated) corpuscles

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8
Q

Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

A

Epidermis

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9
Q

4 cell types

A

Keratinocytes
Melanocytes
Langerhans cells
Merkelcells

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10
Q

90% of epidermal cells
4-5 layers
Produce keratin
Protectsskin
Waterproofs skin

A

Keratinocytes

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11
Q

Make up 8% of epidermal cells
Transfer pigment to keratinocytes
Produce melanin

A

Melanocytes

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12
Q

a yellow-red or brown-black pigment that contributes to skin color and absorbs damaging ultraviolet (UV) light.

A

Melanin

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13
Q

aka epidermal dendritic cells
Immune response

A

Langerhans cells

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14
Q

Consist of tactile disc and neuron
for touch sensation

A

Merkel cells

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15
Q

Four Layers (strata)

A

Stratum basale (stratum germinativum)
Stratum spinosum: 8-10 cell layer
Stratum granulosum makes keratin
Stratum corneum: flattened dead cells

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16
Q

Includes stem cells; new cells arise here

A

Stratum basale (stratum germinativum)

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17
Q

8-10 cell layer
Cells beginning to look flattened
provides both strength and flexibility to the skin

A

Stratum spinosum

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18
Q

makes keratin
Losing cell organelles and nuclei
lipid-rich secretion acts as water sealant

A

Stratum granulosum

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19
Q

flattened dead cells
Cells here consist mostly of keratin.
Cells here are shed and replaced from below.

A

Stratum corneum

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20
Q

-Present only in thick skin areas of fingertips,
palms, and sole
-consists of four to six rows of clear, flat, dead
keratinocytes with large amounts of keratin
-provides an additional level of toughness

A

Stratum Lucidum

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21
Q

transfer of a patch of healthy skin taken from a donor site to cover a wound.

A

Skin Grafts

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22
Q

skin taken from the same individual

A

Autograft

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23
Q

identical twin

A

Isograft

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24
Q

individual’s epidermis are removed, and the keratinocytes
are cultured in the laboratory to produce thin sheets of skin

A

Autologous skin transplantation -

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25
Q
  • chronic skin disorder in which keratinocytes divide and move more quickly than normal from the s. basale to the s. corneum.
  • abnormal keratin, which forms flaky, silvery scales at the skin surface,
A

Psoriasis

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26
Q

various topical ointments and ultraviolet phototherapy

A

Tx

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27
Q

-second, deeper part of the skin
-composed of dense irregular connective
tissue containing collagen and elastic fibers

A

Dermis

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28
Q

thin superficial

A

papillary region

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29
Q

thick deeper

A

reticular region

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30
Q

— surfaces of the palms, fingers, soles, and toes have a series of ridges and grooves
- part genetically determined and is unique for each individual
- basis for identification

A

Epidermal ridge pattern

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31
Q

dark color

A

Melanin

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32
Q

yellow to red

A

Pheomelanin

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33
Q

brown to black

A

Eumelanin

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34
Q

yellow orange

A

Carotene

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35
Q

pink-red

A

Hemoglobin

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36
Q

Depends on blood flow

A

Hemoglobin in blood

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37
Q
  • Precursor of vitamin A
  • In stratum corneum and adipose layers-
A

Carotene

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38
Q
  • Pheomelanin - yellow to red
  • Eumelanin - brown to black
  • Darkness depends on amount of melanin produced.
  • Provides some protection against UV rays
A

Melanin

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39
Q

producing cells, synthesize melanin from the amino acid tyrosine in the presence of an enzyme called tyrosinase.

A

Melanin

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40
Q

Synthesis occurs in an organelle called

A

Melanosome

41
Q

increases the enzymatic activity with thus increases melanin production.

A

Exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light

42
Q

benign localized overgrowth of melanocytes

A

nevus or a mole

43
Q

the inherited inability of an individual to
produce melanin

A

Albinism

44
Q

the partial or complete loss of melanocytes from patches of skin produces irregular white spots.

A

Vitiligo

45
Q

skin appear bluish, blood is not picking up an adequate amount of oxygen from the lungs

A

Cyanotic

46
Q

yellowish appearance of the skin is due to a buildup of bilirubin

A

Jaundice

47
Q

redness of the skin, engorgement of capillaries in the dermis with blood due to skin injury

A

Erythema

48
Q

paleness of the skin

A

Pallor

49
Q

mucous membranes, nail beds, and skin appear bluish

A

Cyanotic

50
Q

usually indicates liver disease

A

Jaundice

51
Q

exposure to heat, infection, inflammation, or allergic rxn

A

Erythema

52
Q

may occur in conditions such as shock and anemia

A

Pallor

53
Q

Accessory Structures

A
  • Hair
  • Skin glands
  • Nails
54
Q
  • Found on most skin surfaces
  • Made of fused keratinized cells
  • Consists of shaft and root
  • Surrounded by hair follicle
A

Hair

55
Q

bulb which includes growing matrix producing
cells

A

Base

56
Q

muscle that pulls on hair

A

Arrector pili

57
Q
  • secrete oily sebum
  • Connected to hair follicles; keeps hair from drying out
A

Sebaceous gland

58
Q
  • Eccrine sweat gland - wide distribution- thermoregulation
  • Apocrine sweat gland - axilla, groin, areolae, beard
  • Contain other cell material
A

Sudoriferous (sweat) gland

59
Q
  • Wax combines with sebum to produce cerumen or earwax
  • waterproofs the canal and prevents bacteria and fungi from entering cells
A

Ceruminous (wax) gland

60
Q

wide distribution- thermoregulation

A

Eccrine sweat gland

61
Q

axilla, groin, areolae, beard q Contain other cell material

A

Apocrine sweat gland

62
Q

Plates of packed hard dead keratinized cells

A

Nails

63
Q

part extending past finger or toe

A

Free edge

64
Q

major visible portion in nails

A

Nail body (plate)

65
Q

portion of the nail that is buried in a fold of skin

A

root

66
Q

crescent-shaped area of the proximal end of the nail body

A

lunula

67
Q

the homeostatic regulation of body temperature.

A

Thermoregulation

68
Q

dermis houses an extensive network of blood vessels that carry 8–10% of the total blood flow in a resting adult.

A

Blood reservoir

69
Q

FUNCTIONS OF THE SKIN

A

Blood reservoir
Protection
Cutaneous sentations
Excretion
Absorption
Vitamin D synthesis

70
Q

usually is an indication of impending or actual tissue damage

A

Pain

71
Q

include tactile sensations—touch, pressure, vibration, and tickling—as
well as thermal sensations such as warmth and coolness

A

Cutaneous sentations

72
Q

enables a drug contained within an adhesive skin patch to pass across the epidermis and into the blood vessels of the dermis.

A

Transdermal (transcutaneous) Drug Administration

73
Q

angina pectoris (chest pain)

A

Nitroglycerin

74
Q

Motion sickness

A

scopolamine

75
Q

estrogen-replacement during menopause

A

estradiol

76
Q

ethinyl estradiol and norelgestromin

A

contraceptive

77
Q

smoking cessation

A

nicotine

78
Q

relieve severe pain in cancer patients

A

fentanyl

79
Q

a hormone that aids in the absorption of calcium from foods in the GIT into the blood.

A

Calcitriol

80
Q

three common forms of skin cancer

A

Basal cell carcinomas
Squamous cell carcinomas
Malignant melanomas

81
Q
  • 78% of all skin cancers
  • tumors arise from cells in the stratum basale and rarely metastasize.
A

Basal cell carcinomas

82
Q
  • 20% of all skin cancers, arise from the stratum spinosum, and have a variable tendency to metastasize
A

Squamous cell carcinomas

83
Q
  • arise from melanocytes and account for about 2% of all skin cancers.
  • metastasize rapidly and can kill a person within months of diagnosis
A

Malignant melanomas

84
Q

Early warning signs of malignant melanoma

A

A (asymmetry)
B (border)
C (color)
D (diameter) E (evolving)

85
Q

irregular shapes, two very different looking halves.

A

A (asymmetry)

86
Q

irregular notched, indented, scalloped, or indistinct—borders.

A

B(border)

87
Q
  • uneven coloration, contain several colors
A

C (color)

88
Q

about the size of a pencil eraser

A

D(diameter)

89
Q

change in size, shape, and color

A

E (evolving)

90
Q

can be cured by surgical excision in 99% of the cases

A

Basal cell carcinoma

91
Q

Prognosis is good if treated by radiation therapy or removed surgically

A

Squamous cell CA

92
Q
  • Resistant to chemotherapy
  • Treated by wide surgical excision accompanied by
    immunotherapy
    -Chance of survival is poor if the lesion is over 4 mm thick
A

Malignant melanoma

93
Q

tissue damage caused by excessive heat, electricity, radioactivity, or corrosive chemicals that denature (break down) proteins in the skin.

A

Burns

94
Q

– only the epidermis is damaged
- Symptoms include localized redness, swelling, and
pain, no blister

A

First-degree

95
Q

– epidermis and upper regions of dermis are damaged
- redness, blister formation, edema, and pain result

A

Second-degree

96
Q

– entire thickness of the skin is damaged, burned area appears gray-white, mahogany, or black;
- Most skin functions are lost, marked edema, and the burned region is numb because sensory nerve endings have been destroyed.

A

Third-degree

97
Q

Burns considered critical if:

A
  • Over 25% of the body has second-degree burns,
    — Over 10% of the body has third-degree burns
  • There are third-degree burns on face, hands, or feet
  • When the burn area exceeds 70%, more than half the victims die.
98
Q

A quick means for estimating the SA affected by a burn

A

Rule of Nine

HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY (11 decks)

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