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HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY > The Cardiovascular System: The Heart > Flashcards

The Cardiovascular System: The Heart Flashcards

1
Q

Heart Wall

A

Epicardium - outer layer
Myocardium - cardiac muscle
Endocardium - thin layer of endothelium

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2
Q

heart wall outer layer

A

epicardium

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3
Q
  • thin layer of endothelium
    -provides a smooth lining for the chambers of the
    heart and covers the valves of the heart.
A

Endocardium

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4
Q

an inflammation of the myocardium that usually occurs as a complication of a viral infection, rheumatic fever, or exposure to radiation or certain chemicals or medications.

A

Myocarditis

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5
Q

refers to an inflammation of the endocardium and typically involves the heart valves. Most cases are caused by bacteria (bacterial endocarditis).

A

Endocarditis

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6
Q

intravenous antibiotics

A

Tx

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7
Q

2 upper chambers

A

Atria

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8
Q

2 lower chambers

A

ventricles

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9
Q

receive blood from blood vessels returning blood to the heart, called veins

A

Atria

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10
Q

eject the blood from the heart into blood
vessels called arteries

A

Ventricles

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11
Q

thin partition between the right left atrium

A

interatrial septum

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12
Q

blood passes from the right atrium into the right ventricle

A

Tricuspid valve

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13
Q

A prominent feature of interatrial septum is an oval depression

A

fossa ovalis

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14
Q

Forms the right border of the heart and receives blood from three veins: the superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, and coronary sinus.

A

Right Atrium

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15
Q

three veins

A

the superior vena cava,
inferior vena cava, and
coronary sinus.

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16
Q

forms most of the anterior surface of the heart.

A

Right ventricle

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17
Q

inside of the right ventricle contains a series of ridges formed by raised bundles of cardiac muscle fibers called

A

Trabeculae

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18
Q

separate right ventricle from the left ventricle

A

interventricular septum

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19
Q

receives blood from the lungs through four pulmonary veins.

A

Left atrium

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20
Q

the thickest chamber of the heart, averaging 10–15 mm

A

Left ventricle

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21
Q

Depolarize spontaneously

A

pacemaker

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22
Q

Fastest one run runs the heart

A

pacemaker

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23
Q

a device that sends out small electrical currents to stimulate the heart to contract.

A

artificial pacemaker

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24
Q

consists of a battery and impulse generator and is usually implanted beneath the skin just inferior to the clavicle.

A

pacemaker

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25
Q

if the pacing rate is so slow (20–35 bpm) that blood flow to the brain is

A

inadequate

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26
Q

Recording of currents from cardiac conduction on skin

A

electrocardiogram

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27
Q

a composite record of action potentials produced by all the heart muscle fibers during each heartbeat.

A

ECG
electrocardiogram

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28
Q

3 waves

A

P wave = represents atrial depolarization
QRS complex = rapid ventricular depolarization
T-wave = ventricular repolarization

29
Q

represents atrial depolarization

A

P wave

30
Q

rapid ventricular depolarization

A

QRS complex

31
Q

ventricular repolarization

A

T-wave

32
Q

adheres tightly to heart

A

Inner visceral layer

33
Q

fused to fibrous pericardium

A

Parietal layer

34
Q

Inelastic and anchors heart in place

A

Fibrous pericardium

35
Q

Designed to prevent back flow in responseto pressure changes

A

Valves

36
Q

scar formation or a congenitaldefect causes narrowing of the mitral valve.

A

mitral stenosis

37
Q

narrowing of a heart valve opening that restrictsblood flow

A

stenosis

38
Q

backflow of blood fromthe left ventricle into the left atrium

A

Mitral valve prolapse (MVP)

39
Q

aortic valve is narrowed, and inaortic insufficiency there is backflow of blood from theaorta into the left ventricle.

A

aortic stenosis

40
Q

acute systemic inflammatory disease that usually occurs after a streptococcal infection of the throat.

A

Rheumatic fever

41
Q

Recording of currents from cardiac conduction on skin

A

electrocardiogram (EKG or ECG)

42
Q

indicate enlargement of an atrium

A

Larger P waves

43
Q

may indicate a myocardial infarction

A

Enlarged Q wave

44
Q

generally indicates enlarged ventricles.

A

Enlarged R wave

45
Q

lengthens in coronary artery disease and rheumatic fever

A

P–Q interval

46
Q

elevated in acute myocardialinfarction and depressed when the heart musclereceives insufficient oxygen

A

S–T segment

47
Q

may be lengthened by myocardial damage, myocardial ischemia (decreased blood flow), or conduction abnormalities.

A

Q–T interval

48
Q

includes all the events associated with one heartbeat.

A

single cardiac cycle

49
Q

consists of systole and diastole ofthe atria plus systole and diastole of the ventricles.

A

cardiac cycle

50
Q

lasts about 0.1 sec, the atria are contracting (P -wave). The ventricles are relaxed(diastole).

A

atrial systole

51
Q

lasts about 0.3 sec, the ventricles are contracting. The atria are relaxed in (atrial diastole).

A

ventricular systole

52
Q

the volume ejected per beatfrom each ventricle

A

Stroke volume

53
Q

the volume of blood ejectedfrom the left ventricle (or the right ventricle) into theaorta (or pulmonary trunk) each minute.

A

Cardiac output (CO)

54
Q

Three factors regulate SV (Stroke Volume)

A

preload,
contractility,
afterload,

55
Q

the degree of stretch on the heart before it contracts

A

preload

56
Q

the forcefulness of contraction of individual ventricular muscle fibers;

A

contractility

57
Q

the pressure that must be exceeded before ejection of blood from the ventricles can occur

A

afterload

58
Q

substances that increase contractility

A

positive inotropic agents

59
Q

decrease contractility

A

negative inotropic agents

60
Q

reduce Ca2+ inflow

A

Calcium channel blockers

61
Q

ACh slows

A

Parasympathetic

62
Q

Norepinephrine speeds

A

Sympathetic

63
Q

loss of pumping efficiency by the heart

A

Congestive Heart Failure

64
Q

Causes of Congestive Heart Failure

A

coronary artery disease, congenital defects,long-term high blood pressure, myocardial infarctions,and valve disorders.

64
Q

Two important functions of Conduction System

A

they act as a pacemaker
they form the cardiac conduction system,

64
Q
A
64
Q

Blood flow through vessels in myocardium

A

coronary circulation

65
Q
A

HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY (11 decks)

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