The Cardiovascular System: Blood Flashcards by Chloe Unknown

Functions of blood

Transportation
Regulation
Protection
Defense

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blood Transports

water,
gases,
nutrients,
hormones,
enzymes,
electrolytes,
wastes,
heat

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blood Regulates

pH, temperature, water balance

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Blood Protects

blood clotting

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Blood defense:

phagocytic cells,
interferons,
complement

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A connective tissue with components readilyseen when blood is centrifuged

Composition

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soluble materials (mostly water); lighter so at top of tube

Plasma(~55%)

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cells (heavier so at bottom of tube)

Formed elements (~45%)

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Percent of blood occupied by RBCs

hematocrit (Hct)

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Normal hematocrit value

42-47%

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hematocrit value of Females

38 to 46%

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hematocrit value of males

40 to 54%

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site of white blood cells (WBCs), platelets

Buffy coat

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Plasma: Liquid Portion of Blood

Water: 91.5%
Plasma proteins: 7%
Other: 1.5%

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Plasma proteins 7% (Liquid Portion of Blood)

Albumin (54%): function in osmosis; carriers
Globulins (38%): serve as antibodies
Fibrinogen (7%): important in clotting

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Others 1.5% (Liquid Portion of Blood)

Electrolytes, nutrients, gases, hormones,vitamins, waste products

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Formed Elements

Red Blood Cells (RBCs)
White blood cells (WBCs)
Platelets

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Granular leukocytes

Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils

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Agranular leukocytes

Lymphocytes and natural killer (NK) cells
Monocytes

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Blood samples for laboratory testing may be obtained in several ways:

Venipuncture
Finger or heel stick

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withdrawal of blood from a vein using aneedle and collecting tube.

Venipuncture

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in an arterial stick, blood is with drawn from an artery; this test is used to determine the level of oxygen in oxygenated blood.

Finger or heel stick

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common site for venipuncture.

median cubital vein anterior to the elbow

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Myeloid stem cells à all other WBCs, all RBCs,and platelets

in red bone marrow

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Lymphoid stem cells à lymphocytes

in lymphatic tissues

Called hemopoiesis or hematopoiesis Occurs throughout life

Formation of Blood Cells

Carries 98.5% of O2 and 23% of CO2

Hemoglobin (red pigment)

RBC count

about 5 million/μl

RBC count Male

5.4 million cells/μl

RBC count female

4.8 million/μl

Cleared by macrophages (liver and spleen)

RBC Recycling

Globin -> amino acids recycled forms

proteins

Carried in blood by transferrin (“protein escort” of Fe) Recycled in bone marrow for forming synthesis of new hemoglobin; proteins and vitamin B1

Bilirubin to liver -> bile -> helps absorb fats Intestinal bacteria convert bilirubin into other chemicals that exit in feces (stercobilin) or urine (urobilin)

Non-Fe portion of heme àbiliverdin à bilirubin

Develop from myeloid stem cells in redmarrow

Erythropoiesis

Signs of lower-than-normal RBC count

changes in skin, mucous membranes, and finger nail beds

bluish color

Cyanosis

pale color

Anemia

lymphocytes, monocytes

Agranular

Two major classes based on presence orabsence of granules (vesicles)

Granular Agranular

neutrophils, eosinophils,basophils

Granular

first responders to infection

Neutrophils

Known as wandering macrophages

Monocytes -> macrophages (“big eaters”)

Phagocytose antibody-antigen complexes Help suppress inflammation or allergic reactions Respond to parasitic infections

Eosinophils

Intensify inflammatory responses and allergic reactions Release chemicals that dilate blood vessels: histamine and serotonin; also heparin(anticoagulant)

Basophils

White Blood Cell Functions

Basophils Neutrophils Eosinophils Monocytes -> macrophages Lymphocytes

Release chemicals that dilate blood vessels

histamine and serotonin; also heparin(anticoagulant)

Three types of lymphocytes

T cellsn B cells Natural killer (NK) cells

Play major roles in immune responses

lymphocytes

respond to foreign substances called antigens and differentiate into plasma cells that produce antibodies. Antibodies attach to and inactivate the antigens.

B lymphocytes

directly attack microbes.

T lymphocytes

Called “self-identity markers” “cell identitymarker”

Major histocompatibility (MHC) antigens

high WBC count in response toinfection, exercise, surgery

Leukocytosis

low WBC count

Leukopenia

measures % ofWBCs made up of each of the 5 types

Differential WBC count

Myeloid stem cells > megakaryocytes > 2000–3000 fragments =

platelets

WBC Life Span

typically a few hours to days

Functions of platelets

Plug damaged blood vessels Promote blood clotting

Life span of platelets

5–9 days

Normal count of platelets

150,000-400,000/μl blood

replacement of cancerous or abnormal red bone marrow with healthy red bone marrow in order to establish normal blood cell counts.

Bone marrow transplant

valuable test that screens for anemia andvarious infections

CBC (Complete Blood Count)

Disease where T cells attack the recipient’s tissues

graft-versus-host disease

stem cells obtainedfrom the umbilical cord shortly after birth

Cord-blood transplant

Response to damage Quick reduction of blood loss

Vascular spasm

Platelets become sticky when contact damaged vessel wall

Platelet plug formation

Series of chemical reactions involving clotting factors >

Blood clotting (coagulation)

Sequence of events to avoid hemorrhage

Vascular spasm Platelet plug formation Blood clotting (coagulation)

Common pathway: 3 major steps in blood clotting

Prothrombinase -> Prothrombin -> thrombin Fibrinogen -> fibrin -> clot

Materials “intrinsic” to blood > 1 > 2 > 3

Intrinsic Pathway

Tissue factor(TF) from damaged cells 1 > 2 > 3

Extrinsic pathway

Pulls sides of wound together

retraction