RESPIRATORY Flashcards
nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, and associated structures
Upper respiratory system
Inferior to the pharynx
lower respiratory system
Trachea, larynx, bronchi, bronchioles, and lungs
Lower respiratory system
consists of:
- All airways that carry air to lungs: nose, pharynx,
trachea, larynx, bronchi, bronchioles, and terminal
bronchioles.
“Conducting Zone”
to filter, warm, and moisten air and conduct it
into the lungs (passageway)
“Conducting Zone”
Sites within lungs where gas exchange occurs
respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs,
and alveoli.
“Respiratory Zone”
Function: gas exchange
Respiratory Zone
branch of medicine that deals with the
diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the ears, nose, and throat.
Otorhinolaryngology
divides nose into two sides.
Nasal septum
covered by mucous membrane
Nasal conchae
Functions
- Warm, humidify, filter/trap dust and microbes.
-Detect olfactory stimuli.
- Modify vocal sounds.
NOSE
Known as the “throat”
PHARYNX
posterior to nose.
nasopharynx
Funnel-shaped tube from internal nares to larynx.
PHARYNX
posterior to nose.
nasopharynx
Contains adenoids (pharyngeal tonsil) and
openings of auditory (Eustachian) tubes.
nasopharynx
posterior to mouth.
oropharynx
2 pairs of tonsils in oropharynx
Palatine and lingual tonsils
Connects with both esophagus and larynx: food
and air.
laryngopharynx
-“Voice Box”
-Made largely of cartilage (9 cartilages)
LARYNX
leaf-shaped piece; covers airway
Epiglottis
inferior most portion
Cricoid cartilage
(paired, small) superior to cricoid.
Arytenoids
vertical folds or false vocal cords
Upper/superior
support vocal folds
and lateral aspects of the epiglottis.(paired)
Cuneiform cartilages
horn-shaped pieces
of elastic cartilage, located at the apex of each
arytenoid cartilage.(paired)
Corniculate cartilages
holding breath
Vestibular folds
vocal folds or true vocal cords
Lower/inferior
Mucous membrane of larynx forms two pairs of folds
Voice Production
the opening of the focal folds
Glottis
inflammation of the larynx that is most often caused by a respiratory infection or irritants such as cigarette smoke.
Laryngitis
is found almost exclusively in individuals who smoke.
Cancer of the larynx
causes lung cancer
cigarette/smoking
measurement of smoking. It is
equivalent of smoking one pack of cigarettes a day
for one year. There are 20 cigarettes in a pack, so if a
person smokes 20 cigarettes a day for one year, it is
called one pack-year.
Pack-year
also known as “Windpipe”
Trachea
- Anterior to esophagus and thoracic vertebrae
- Extends from end of larynx to primary bronchi
Trachea
opening in trachea for tube
Tracheostomy
Have less cartilage, more smooth muscle
Bronchi / Bronchioles
contain cartilage rings
Bronchi
has 3 lobes
Right lung
has 2 lobes and cardiac notch
Left lung
attached to diaphragm and lining thoracic wall
Parietal pleura
attached to lungs
Visceral pleura
contains lubricating fluid
Pleural cavity
Broad bottom of lungs
base
pointy top
apex
Divided into lobules fed by tertiary bronchi
Lung Lobes
two types of alveolar epithelial cells.
Alveoli
choices
are the main sites of gas
exchange.
a. type 2
b. type 3
c. type 1
Type I alveolar cells
containing microvilli, secretealveolar fluid, which keeps the surface between thecells and the air moist
Type II alveolar cells
alveoli + capillary
Respiratory membrane
The exchange of O2 and CO2 between the air spaces
in the lungs and the blood takes place by diffusion
across the alveolar and capillary walls, which
together form the respiratory membrane.
ALVEOLI
mostly transmissible through large
respiratory droplets, directly infecting cells of the
upper and lower respiratory tract, especially nasal
ciliated and alveolar epithelial cells.
SARSCoV-2
regulates blood pressure.
ACE2
RESPIRATORY: THREE MAJOR STEPS
Pulmonary Ventilation
Internal Respiration
External Respiration
Moving air in and out of lungs.
Pulmonary Ventilation (breathing)
Gas exchange between blood and cells.
Internal Respiration
Gas exchange between alveoli and blood.
External Respiration
- called inspiration
- called expiration
- Inhalation
- Exhalation
normally passive process due to muscle
relaxation.
Exhalation
volume of one breath
Tidal volume (TV)
breaths/min; normal: 12/min
Frequency
breathing disorder of premature newborns in which
the alveoli do not remain open due to a lack of
surfactant.
RESPIRATORY DISTRESS
SYNDROME (RDS)
given to mothers to increase
the development of surfactant in the lungs of the baby still
inside the womb.
Betamethasone (steroid)
Measured by spirometer/respirometer
LUNG VOLUME
volume of air that
can be inhaled beyond tidal volume (TV).
Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
volume of air that
can be exhaled beyond TV
Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
Air remaining in lungs after a maximum expiration
residual volume (RV)
TV + IRV
Inspiratory capacity
RV + ERV
Functional residual capacity (FRC)
IRV + TV + ERV
Vital capacity (VC)
VC + RV
Total lung capacity (TCL)
Eupnea
normal breathing
caused by spasmodic contraction of the
diaphragm + spasmodic closure of the rima glottidis =
sharp sound
Hiccup –
shallow w/ rib movements
Costal breathing
deep breathing
Diaphragmatic breathing
Sum of all partial pressures =
atmospheric pressure
(760 mmHg)
a colorless and odorless gas
found in exhaust fumes from automobiles, gas
furnaces, and space heaters and in tobacco smoke.
Carbon monoxide (CO)
administering pure oxygen, which speeds up the
separation of carbon monoxide from hemoglobin.
Tx
how many percent of O2 is transported bound to hemoglobin in
RBCs.
98.5%
A group of tests that measure how well the lungs take
in and release air.
PULMONARY FUNCTION TESTS
exists when air moves out of the
lungs at a slower rate than that of a healthy person.
Obstructive pattern
compliance of the lung is
reduced, which increases the stiffness of the lung and
limits expansion.
Restrictive lung disease
responsible for limiting
inspiration
Pneumotaxic area
controls the
intensity of breathing
apneustic area
voluntary adjustment of patterns.
Cortical input
