RESPIRATORY Flashcards by Chloe Unknown

nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, and associated structures

Upper respiratory system

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Inferior to the pharynx

lower respiratory system

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Trachea, larynx, bronchi, bronchioles, and lungs

Lower respiratory system

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consists of:
- All airways that carry air to lungs: nose, pharynx,
trachea, larynx, bronchi, bronchioles, and terminal
bronchioles.

“Conducting Zone”

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to filter, warm, and moisten air and conduct it
into the lungs (passageway)

“Conducting Zone”

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Sites within lungs where gas exchange occurs
respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs,
and alveoli.

“Respiratory Zone”

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Function: gas exchange

Respiratory Zone

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branch of medicine that deals with the
diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the ears, nose, and throat.

Otorhinolaryngology

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divides nose into two sides.

Nasal septum

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covered by mucous membrane

Nasal conchae

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Functions
- Warm, humidify, filter/trap dust and microbes.
-Detect olfactory stimuli.
- Modify vocal sounds.

NOSE

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Known as the “throat”

PHARYNX

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posterior to nose.

nasopharynx

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Funnel-shaped tube from internal nares to larynx.

PHARYNX

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posterior to nose.

nasopharynx

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Contains adenoids (pharyngeal tonsil) and
openings of auditory (Eustachian) tubes.

nasopharynx

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posterior to mouth.

oropharynx

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2 pairs of tonsils in oropharynx

Palatine and lingual tonsils

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Connects with both esophagus and larynx: food
and air.

laryngopharynx

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-“Voice Box”
-Made largely of cartilage (9 cartilages)

LARYNX

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leaf-shaped piece; covers airway

Epiglottis

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inferior most portion

Cricoid cartilage

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(paired, small) superior to cricoid.

Arytenoids

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vertical folds or false vocal cords

Upper/superior

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support vocal folds and lateral aspects of the epiglottis.(paired)

Cuneiform cartilages

horn-shaped pieces of elastic cartilage, located at the apex of each arytenoid cartilage.(paired)

Corniculate cartilages

holding breath

Vestibular folds

vocal folds or true vocal cords

Lower/inferior

Mucous membrane of larynx forms two pairs of folds

Voice Production

the opening of the focal folds

Glottis

inflammation of the larynx that is most often caused by a respiratory infection or irritants such as cigarette smoke.

Laryngitis

is found almost exclusively in individuals who smoke.

Cancer of the larynx

causes lung cancer

cigarette/smoking

measurement of smoking. It is equivalent of smoking one pack of cigarettes a day for one year. There are 20 cigarettes in a pack, so if a person smokes 20 cigarettes a day for one year, it is called one pack-year.

Pack-year

also known as “Windpipe”

Trachea

- Anterior to esophagus and thoracic vertebrae - Extends from end of larynx to primary bronchi

Trachea

opening in trachea for tube

Tracheostomy

Have less cartilage, more smooth muscle

Bronchi / Bronchioles

contain cartilage rings

Bronchi

has 3 lobes

Right lung

has 2 lobes and cardiac notch

Left lung

attached to diaphragm and lining thoracic wall

Parietal pleura

attached to lungs

Visceral pleura

contains lubricating fluid

Pleural cavity

Broad bottom of lungs

base

pointy top

apex

Divided into lobules fed by tertiary bronchi

Lung Lobes

two types of alveolar epithelial cells.

Alveoli

# choices are the main sites of gas exchange. a. type 2 b. type 3 c. type 1

Type I alveolar cells

containing microvilli, secretealveolar fluid, which keeps the surface between thecells and the air moist

Type II alveolar cells

alveoli + capillary

Respiratory membrane

The exchange of O2 and CO2 between the air spaces in the lungs and the blood takes place by diffusion across the alveolar and capillary walls, which together form the respiratory membrane.

ALVEOLI

mostly transmissible through large respiratory droplets, directly infecting cells of the upper and lower respiratory tract, especially nasal ciliated and alveolar epithelial cells.

SARSCoV-2

regulates blood pressure.

ACE2

RESPIRATORY: THREE MAJOR STEPS

Pulmonary Ventilation Internal Respiration External Respiration

Moving air in and out of lungs.

Pulmonary Ventilation (breathing)

Gas exchange between blood and cells.

Internal Respiration

Gas exchange between alveoli and blood.

External Respiration

1. called inspiration 2. called expiration

1. Inhalation 2. Exhalation

normally passive process due to muscle relaxation.

Exhalation

volume of one breath

Tidal volume (TV)

breaths/min; normal: 12/min

Frequency

breathing disorder of premature newborns in which the alveoli do not remain open due to a lack of surfactant.

RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME (RDS)

given to mothers to increase the development of surfactant in the lungs of the baby still inside the womb.

Betamethasone (steroid)

Measured by spirometer/respirometer

LUNG VOLUME

volume of air that can be inhaled beyond tidal volume (TV).

Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

volume of air that can be exhaled beyond TV

Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

Air remaining in lungs after a maximum expiration

residual volume (RV)

TV + IRV

Inspiratory capacity

RV + ERV

Functional residual capacity (FRC)

IRV + TV + ERV

Vital capacity (VC)

VC + RV

Total lung capacity (TCL)

Eupnea

normal breathing

caused by spasmodic contraction of the diaphragm + spasmodic closure of the rima glottidis = sharp sound

Hiccup –

shallow w/ rib movements

Costal breathing

deep breathing

Diaphragmatic breathing

Sum of all partial pressures =

atmospheric pressure (760 mmHg)

a colorless and odorless gas found in exhaust fumes from automobiles, gas furnaces, and space heaters and in tobacco smoke.

Carbon monoxide (CO)

administering pure oxygen, which speeds up the separation of carbon monoxide from hemoglobin.

how many percent of O2 is transported bound to hemoglobin in RBCs.

98.5%

A group of tests that measure how well the lungs take in and release air.

PULMONARY FUNCTION TESTS

exists when air moves out of the lungs at a slower rate than that of a healthy person.

Obstructive pattern

compliance of the lung is reduced, which increases the stiffness of the lung and limits expansion.

Restrictive lung disease

responsible for limiting inspiration

Pneumotaxic area

controls the intensity of breathing

apneustic area

voluntary adjustment of patterns.

Cortical input