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MSK Exam I > Tissue Architecture > Flashcards

Tissue Architecture Flashcards

1
Q

What are some characteristics of microfilaments?

A

Composed of actin (F-actin) filaments
Present in all cell types
Generally unstable

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2
Q

What is the function of microfilaments?

A

Essential for cell movement (locomotion, phagocytosis, cell division, contraction, etc)

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3
Q

Many proteins can bind to and modify actin properties. These proteins can do what?

A

Stabilize, strengthen, cross link and organize

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4
Q

What is the function of microtubules?

A

Crucial organizational role in all eukaryotic cells

Involved in cell division

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5
Q

What are some characteristics of microtubules?

A

Long stiff hollow tubes

Can undergo rapid assembly and disassembly

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6
Q

Describe some characteristics of intermediate filaments

A

Rope like properties that give high tensile strength
Can be cytoplasmic or nuclear
Often further stabilized by accessory proteins
Form mesh like structure called nuclear lamina

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7
Q

How do accessory proteins further stabilize intermediate filaments?

A

Cross link filaments into bundles

Then link to microtubules, actin filaments and cell junctions

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8
Q

What is the role of the nuclear lamina created by intermediate filaments?

A

Play a role in strengthening and stabilizing the nuclear envelope
Clinical importance: Hutchinson-Gifford Progeria syndrome (HGPS) which causes individuals to undergo accelerated aging - caused by a mutation in the nuclear lamina leading to nuclear instability

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9
Q

Characteristics of the ECM and basal lamina

A

Components produced intracellularly and can be secreted or can aggregate
ECM interacts with cells/tissues via cell adhesion proteins
Composition and properties controlled and vary by tissue type, location, etc

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10
Q

List examples of cytoplasmic intermediate filaments

A

Keratin filaments in epithelial cells
Vimentin and vimentin-related filaments in CT cells, muscle cells and glial cells
Neurofilaments in nerve cells

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11
Q

What is the main example of a nuclear intermediate filament?

A

Nuclear lamina in all animal cells

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12
Q

What are the extracellular matrix proteins?

A

Proteoglycans (perlecan), collagens and multi adhesive matrix proteins (laminin, fibronectin and nidogen/entactin)

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13
Q

What is collagen?

A

Main structural protein in ECM/CT and basal lamina
Composed of trimeric proteins
Associate as fibers, sheets or transmembrane structures
Affected by nutrient deficiencies and genetic conditions

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14
Q

Summarize the steps in the synthesis and processing of collagen

A

Takes place in the rough ER

  1. Pre-collagen is formed
  2. Hydroxylation of residues allows for trimeric molecules to form and remain stable
  3. Assembly into procollagen
  4. Processed by the Golgi (post translational modification)
  5. Secreted in ECM
  6. Enzymatically cleaved
  7. Collagen molecules self assemble
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15
Q

What is a defect that is associated with collagen?

A

Scurvy (loss of cofactor like ascorbate or iron)
Defect in hydroxylation process
Results in decreased wound healing, loss of teeth, anemia, pale skin and sunken eyes

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16
Q

What are the four main types of cell connections and junctions?

A

Anchoring junctions, occluding junctions, channel forming junctions and signaling relaying junctions

17
Q

What are anchoring junctions?

A

Adherens junctions, desmosomes, hemidesmosomes

Link cells together and strengthens contacts between cells and the ECM

18
Q

What are occluding junctions?

A

Tight junctions

Seal gaps between cells through cell-cell contact making an impermeable barrier for diffusion

19
Q

What are channel forming junctions?

A

Gap junctions

Link cytoplasm of adjacent cells allowing transport of molecules to occur between cells

20
Q

What is an example of signal relaying junctions?

A

Synapses

21
Q

What are the four major families fo cell adhesion molecules (CAMs)

A

Cadherins
Integrins
Selectins
Ig-superfamily

22
Q

Describe the cadherin superfamily

A

Ca dependent cell-cell CAMs
Important in formatting of junctions between cells (epithelial sheets)
Desmosomes and adherens junctions
Ex. E, N, VE and LI cadherins

23
Q

What are E cadherins?

A

Epithelial cadherin

24
Q

What are N cadherins?

A

Neural cadherin

25
Q

What are VE cadherins?

A

Vascular endothelial cadherin

26
Q

What are LI cadherin?

A

Liver-intestine cadherin

27
Q

Describe integrins

A

Composed of 15 alpha and 8 beta subunits which form over 20 heterodimeric integrins
Couple the ECM to cell cytoskeleton
Can activate signaling pathways

28
Q

Describe the cell-cell interactions integrins have via the beta2 family

A

Integrins on leukocytes allow for adhesion and transmigration to site of infections

29
Q

Describe selectins

A

Family of Ca dependent glycoproteins
Bind to extracellular carbohydrates/ligands
Include E-selectin, L-selectin and P-selectin

30
Q

What role do selectins play in host defense?

A

Increased presentation during local inflammatory response

WBC surface markers include carbohydrates and integrins (beta-2) which acts as ligands for selectins

31
Q

What are E-selectins?

A

Endothelial selectins

32
Q

What are L-selectins?

A

Leukocyte selectins

33
Q

What are P selectins?

A

Platelet selectins

34
Q

What are some characteristics of the Ig superfamily of CAMs?

A

Family of more than 25 Ca independent transmembrane glycoproteins
Homophilic and heterophilic binding
Involved in recognition, binding and adhesion processes of cells as well as immune cell interactions

35
Q

Describe the immune cell interactions of ICAM, VCAM-1, PECAM-1 and NCAM of the Ig superfamily

A

Contain a variable number of immunoglobulin like domains

Expressed on vascular endothelial cells and bind to various integrin molecules

36
Q

Describe the immune cell interactions of MADCAM-1 in the Ig superfamily

A

Contain immunoglobulin like and mucin like domains

Expressed on mucosal endothelium to direct lymphocyte entry into mucosal tissue

37
Q

What is phalloidin?

A

An actin specific drug that binds to and stabilizes the actin filaments
Found in mushroom caps
Derivatives are used in microscopy by aiding in visualization of cell shape

38
Q

What is taxol?

A

A microtubule specific drug
Used to bind and stabilize microtubule filaments
Used in cancer tx (prevents cell division in cancer cells but can also have an affect on normal cells undergoing cell division)

39
Q

What are colchicine/colcemid and vinblastine/vincristine?

A

Microtubule specific drugs that bind tubulin dimers and prevent their polymerization
Used in cancer tx (prevents cell division in cancer cells but can also have an affect on normal cells undergoing cell division)

MSK Exam I (34 decks)

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