Back Angiology And Neurology Flashcards
The superficial branch of the transverse cervical artery travels with what?
The spinal accessory nerve along the deep surface of the trapezius muscle
If the deep branch of the transverse cervical artery is present, it replaces which artery?
Replaces the dorsal scapular artery traveling along the medial border of the scapula supplying the levator scapulae and rhomboid muscles
What does the dorsal scapular artery supply?
Levator scapulae and rhomboid muscles
If it arises from the transverse cervical artery it is known as the deep branch of that artery
What muscle does the thoracodorsal artery supply?
Latissimus dorsi
Which arteries are known to be arterial sources for the production of paraspinal arteries?
Vertebral artery, ascending cervical, deep cervical, posterior intercostal, subcostal, lumbar, iliolumbar and lateral sacral arteries
What is the significance of the paraspinal arteries?
Supply the vertebra, spinal cord and surrounding structures and feed directly into the anterior and posterior spinal arteries especially in regions of the cervical and lumbar enlargements of the spinal cord to assist the very small spinal arteries in supplying the spinal cord
What are the four main branches of the paraspinal arteries?
Dorsal, equatorial, periosteal and spinal branches
Which arteries are apart of the spinal branch of the paraspinal arteries?
Anterior and posterior vertebral canal, anterior and posterior radicular, anterior and posterior segmental medullary, and great anterior segmental medullary arteries
Which three paraspinal arterial sources are from the descending aorta?
Posterior intercostal, subcostal and lumbar arteries
Which two paraspinal arterial sources are from the internal iliac artery?
Iliolumbar and lateral sacral arteries
Which paraspinal artery is from the costocervical trunk?
Deep cervical artery
Which paraspinal artery is from the inferior thyroid artery?
Ascending cervical artery
Which paraspinal artery is from the subclavian artery?
Vertebral artery
What are the two main plexuses of spinal veins?
External and internal vertebral venous plexuses
Which two arteries from the spinal branch of paraspinal arteries does not directly feed into the anterior/posterior spinal arteries?
Anterior and posterior radicular arteries
Complete transection of the spinal cord results in what?
Loss of sensation and motor function below the lesion
What is the result of a spinal injury at C1-3?
No function below the head, respirator necessary for life
What is the result of a spinal cord injury at C4-5?
No function of limbs, respiration capable
What is the result of a spinal injury at C6-8?
Loss of hand and variable upper limb function, may be able to propel a wheelchair
What is the result of a spinal injury at T1-9?
Paralysis of both lower limbs
What is the result of a spinal injury at T10-L1?
Some thigh muscle function, may allow walking with long leg braces
What is the result of spinal injury at L2-3?
Most lower limb functions present, may be able to walk with short leg braces
What are the three main layers of spinal meninges?
Dura, arachnoid and pia mater
What are the components of dura mater?
Epidural space, dura-arachnoid interface, spinal dural sac, dural root sheath, filum terminale
What components make up the spinal arachnoid mater?
Subarachnoid space (filled with CSF), arachnoid trabeculae, lumbar cistern
What components make up the pia mater?
Denticulate L and filum terminale internunm
Describe the dura mater
Outermost tough covering of the spinal cord and spinal roots
Describe the arachnoid mater
Thin membranous intermediate layer, lines the spinal dural sac, held firmly to the dural sac by the pressure of CSF which circulates in the subarachnoid space
Describe the pia mater
Thinnest and innermost covering of the spinal cord
Follows the entire surface of the spinal cord and lines the spinal roots
Which nerves make up the posterior rami of cervical spinal nerves?
Suboccipital, great occipital, least occipital and C4-8 (cutaneous and muscular innervation) nerves
What innervates the transversospinalis muscle?
Medial muscular branch of C4-8 spinal nerves of the cervical posterior rami
What innervates zygopophyseal joints?
Articular branches of C4-8 nerves of the posterior rami of cervical spinal nerves
What innervates erector spinae and splenius muscles?
Lateral muscular branch of C4-8 nerves of the cervical spinal nerve posterior rami
Which nerves make up the posterior rami of thoracic spinal nerves?
Medial branch including muscular, articular and cutaneous branches
Lateral branch including muscular and cutaneous branches
What branches make up the posterior rami of lumbar spinal nerves?
Medial muscular, articular and cutaneous branch
Lateral muscular and cutaneous branches and superior cluneal nerve
What makes up the posterior rami of sacral spinal nerves?
Medial branch
Lateral branch including the middle cluneal nerve
What are the five categories of structures innervated by the recurrent meningeal nerve and posterior rami of spinal nerves?
Fibroskeletal structures (periostium and ligaments), and meninges innervated by recurrent meningeal nerves and synovial joints, intrinsic back muscles and spinal nerves and nerve roots innervated by posterior rami
What are the most common types of back pain?
Muscular, joint and fibroskeletal pain
What is muscular back pain?
Often the result of spasm in muscular tissue producing ischemia
What is joint pain in the back?
Usually the result of osteoarthritis or disease arthritis
What is fibroskeletal back pain?
Usually a result of fractures and dislocation of ligamentous structures
The posterior rami of which spinal nerve innervates the suboccipital musculature?
Cervical spinal nerve (suboccipital nerve)
What is the cauda equina of the spinal cord?
Bundle of anterior and posterior roots from the lumbosacral enlargement and medullary cone
What is the terminal end of the spinal cord?
The medullary cone and it ends at L2
What is the cervical enlargement?
Swelling of the spinal cord from C4-T1
Segments of the SC that correspond with the brachial plexus and UE
What is the lumbosacral enlargement?
Swelling of the spinal cord from T11-S1
Segments of the SX that correspond with the lumbar and sacral plexuses and LE
