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MSK Exam I > Development Of MSK > Flashcards

Development Of MSK Flashcards

1
Q

Cells derived from the primitive node form what?

A

Paraxial mesoderm which is a thick, bilateral longitudinal column of cells along the developing NT

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2
Q

Each column of paraxial mesoderm is continuous with what?

A

Intermediate mesoderm which gradually thins into a layer of lateral mesoderm

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3
Q

What is lateral (plate) mesoderm continuous with?

A

The extraembryonic mesoderm covering the umbilical vesicle and amnion

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4
Q

Each population of mesoderm contributes to the formation of what?

A

Numerous derivatives

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5
Q

What does the intermediate mesoderm form?

A

Kidneys and gonads

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6
Q

What does the notochord develop into in the adult?

A

Intervertebral discs (nucleus pulposus)

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7
Q

What does the paraxial mesoderm form?

A

The head and somites which further differentiate into sclerotome, myotome, syndetome, dermatome and endothelial cells

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8
Q

What does the lateral plate mesoderm form?

A

Splanchnic (CVS), somatic (body cavity, pelvis, limb bones) and extraembryonic structures

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9
Q

When does the paraxial mesoderm differentiate and condense to form paired somites?

A

End of the 3rd week

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10
Q

Briefly describe somite formation

A

Formed in a craniocaudal sequence and first appear in the occipital region
39-39 pairs of somites develop initially
42-44 pairs form by the end of 5th week

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11
Q

What do somites give rise to?

A

Most of the axial skeleton and associated musculature as well as to the dermis of the skin

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12
Q

What do somites form as a result of/

A

Segmentation clock

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13
Q

Shortly after forming, each somite divides into subdivisions that give rise to what?

A

Specific mesoderm components

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14
Q

What does the ventromedial part of a somite form after undergoing EMT?

A

The sclerotome

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15
Q

What does the dorsal portion of a somite form?

A

Dermomyotome which will further divide into the dermatome and myotome

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16
Q

What does the intermediate portion of a somite form?

A

Syndetome (between sclerotome and myotome)

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17
Q

What is the sclerotome?

A

Regionalized structures that will develop into vertebrae and ribs

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18
Q

The ventral region of a sclerotome migrates to surround the notochord and forms what structure?

A

Vertebral body (central region also contributes)

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19
Q

The dorsal cells of the sclerotome that surround the NT form what structure?

A

Vertebral arch and vertebral spine

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20
Q

What do the lateral cells of the sclerotome form?

A

Transverse processes and ribs

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21
Q

Sclerotomes are divided into cranial and caudal portions due to what?

A

Gene expression and cell density

22
Q

What divides the cranial and caudal portions of the sclerotome?

A

Intersegmental boundary

23
Q

Describe the cranial portion of the sclerotome

A

Loosely packed

24
Q

Describe the caudal portion of the sclerotome

A

Densely packed

25
Q

Describe resegmentation of the sclerotome

A

End of 4th week sclerotome cells appear as paired condensations around the notochord
Some caudal cells move cranially and form the intervertebral disc
Remaining densely packed cells fuse with the cells of the next caudal sclerotome forming the centrum
Centrum develops from adjacent cranial and caudal segments and becomes an intersegmental structure
Spinal nerves lie near intervertebral discs and extend from SC to innervate the myotome
Intersegmental arteries lie on each side of the vertebral bodies

26
Q

Describe intervertebral disc formation

A

Notochord expands to form the nucleus pulposus
Nucleus pulposus becomes surrounded by caudal cells of the sclerotome which forms circularly arraigned fibers that comprise the annulus fibrosis

27
Q

Describe development of ribs

A

Ribs develop from costal processes of thoracic vertebrae

Cartilaginous during embryonic period and ossify during fetal period

28
Q

Describe development of the sternum

A

Paired sternal bars arise in the body wall from somatic layer of ventral plate mesoderm
Located ventrolaterally and will move medially
Fuse at 10 weeks to form cartilaginous models of the manubrium, sternebrae and xiphoid process

29
Q

What do Hox genes code for?

A

Vertebrae identity

30
Q

Describe Hox gene family members

A

Have a nested pattern of expression boundaries along cranial caudal axis
These boundaries correspond to changes in vertebral shape -> changes in expression cause transformations in vertebrae

31
Q

Which gene is important for the thoracic/lumbar boundary?

A

Hox10

32
Q

What happens with loss of Hox10 paralogs?

A

Lumbar and sacral -> thoracic identity and have ribs

33
Q

What occurs with a gain of Hox10 paralogs?

A

Thoracic vertebrae become lumbar instead

34
Q

What are cervical ribs?

A

A malformation when ribs attach to cervical vertebrae (typically C7)
May impinge on brachial plexus and/or subclavian artery (thoracic outlet syndrome)

35
Q

What is pectus excavatum?

A

Depressed sternum and sunken posteriorly
Funnel chest
Underlying mechanism is extra cartilage formation of the internal aspect of the sternal bars and pulls them deeper into the eloping chest wall

36
Q

What is pectus carinatum?

A

Bilateral flattening of the chest with anterior sternal protrusion
Pigeon chest

37
Q

Myogenic precursors undergo what process to form which structures?

A

EMT to form skeletal muscle of the trunk and limbs

38
Q

What does myogenesis begin with?

A

Elongation of the nuclei and cell bodies of mesenchymal cells -> differentiate into myoblasts

39
Q

Describe myogenesis

A

Mesenchymal cells differentiate into myoblasts
Myoblasts fuse -> myotubes form which are elongated, multinucleated cylindrical structures
Myofilaments develop in the cytoplasm of the myotubes and become invested with CT to produce fascicles

40
Q

When do skeletal muscles develop?

A

Most develop before brith and almost all the remaining muscles are formed by the end of the first year

41
Q

Each myotome divides into what?

A

An epimere and hypomere

42
Q

What is the epaxial (epimere) division of the myotome?

A

Extensor muscles of the neck and vertebral column

43
Q

What is the hypaxial division (hypomere) of the myotome?

A

Cervical, thoracic, lumbar and sacrococcygeal myotomes

44
Q

What is the cervical myotome?

A

Scalene, prevertebral, geniohyoid and infrahyoid muscles

45
Q

What is the thoracic myotome?

A

Lateral and ventral flexor muscles of the vertebral column

46
Q

What is the lumbar myotome?

A

Quadratus lumborum

47
Q

What is the sacrococcygeal myotome?

A

Pelvic floor musculature, striated muscles of anus and sex organs

48
Q

Every spinal nerve divides to innervate what?

A

Trunk musculature by either dorsal or ventral ramus

49
Q

What does the dorsal ramus supply?

A

Epaxial muscles

50
Q

What does the ventral ramus supply?

A

Hypaxial muscles

51
Q

What is Poland syndrome?

A

Absence of pectoralis minor and partial loss of pec major
Ipsilateral breast hypoplasia
Associated with syndactylyl or brachydacytly
More frequent in males

52
Q

What is prune bell syndrome?

A

Partial or complete absence of abdominal musculature
Cryptorchidism (failure of one/both testes to descend)
Malformation of urinary tract and bladder causing urethral obstruction and fluid accumulation that distends the abdomen causing muscle atrophy

MSK Exam I (34 decks)

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