Tissue and Integument Flashcards
What are the four types of tissues
epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous
Epithelial tissues are classified according to:
shape and number of cell layers
What are the two types of # of cell layers
simple and stratified
what are the three types of shapes of epithelial tissue cells
squamous, cuboidal, columnar
Squamous cells are good for …
rapid diggusion
cuboidal cells are good for …
secretion/absorption
columnar cells are good for …
secretion/absorption
Pseudostratified cells are
single layer of cells that looks like several bc nuclei at diff levels
what is the surface of cell layer that faces the outside environment called?
apical surface
what is the surface of cell layer that faces the internal body called?
basal surface
Epithelial is _________ bc it _______ blood vessels
avascular; lacks blood vessels
Epithelial tissue gets its nutrients via _______-
diffusion
Simple cuboidal can be found in …
kidney tubulues
stratified squamous can be found in …
mucous membrane of vagina
simple columnar can be found in …
small intestine
pseudostratified have all cells touching the _______ _____
basement membrane
What is the most abundant tissue by weight in the body?
connective tissue
What are the 5 classes of connective tissue?
loose, dense, cartilage, bone, blood
White blood cells are ___ tissue
connective tissue
Connective tissue is ______ bc it has _____ of blood vessels
vascularized; lots of BV
which tissue serves the purpose of infection
connective tissue
Define loose connective tissue
fibers loosely arranged btw cells
define dense connective tissue
lots of fiber, cells surrounded by collagen, low blood supply
which connective tissue class has low blood supply?
dense connective tissue
Example of cartilage?
chondrocyte
Example of bone?
oxytocytes
example of blood
erythrocytes
what type of tissue is bone?
connective tissue
What type of ground substance does cartilage have?
gelatinous
What type of ground substance does bone have?
cartilage
What type of ground substance does blood have?
fluid
define connective tissue
a group of cells surrounded by an extra cellular matrix
define extra cellular matrix
ground substance and fibers
What are the two componenets that make up the diff classes of connective tissue?
amount of fiber types and cell types produced
What is the integumentary system composed of?
skin, accessory organs, nails, hair, glands
What is the cutaenous membrane?
dermis and epidermis
Where is the cutaneous membrane located?
on top of adipocyte layer
Layer of adipocytes is called ________ or ________
hypodermis or subcutaneous layer
what is the subcutaneous layer
layer of adipocytes
what is the hypodermis layer?
layer of adipocytes
What type of tissue is the epidermis?
epithelial tissue
What is the dermis tissue?
connective tissue
What are the 6 functions of the skin?
thermo regulation, blood reservoir, protection from environment, cutaneous sensations, excretion/absorption, synthesis of vitamin D
what are the ABCDEs of melignant melanomas?
asymmetrical, borders uneven, two or more colours, diameter larger than 6 mm, elevated/evolving
The dermis contains what?
collagen and elastic fibers that are secreted by fibroblasts
Do elastic fibers or collagen provide support?
elastic fibers
when skin is blue this indicates what?
hypoexemia, deoxygenated bloo
when skin is yellow this indicates what?
liver dysfunction , biliruben from red blood cells is building up
when skin is red this indicates what?
increased blood flow bc of BV dilation
What causes red skin?
heat, infection, inflammation, alergic reaction
When skin is white what does this indicate?
shock, anemia, peripheral vasoconstriction
anemia makes the skin what colour?
white
blue skin is called
cyanotic
yellow skin is called
jaundiced
red skin is caleld
erythema
white skin is called
pallor
Superficial horizontal flexus directs _____ to _____-
blood to epidermis
Suderiferous glands are also called
sweat glands
suderiferous glands help when temp is too ___
hot
superficial horizontal flexus does what?
dilates BV and directs blood to dermis when too hot
deep horziontal flexus does what?
conserves heat by directing blood deeper
temp regulation by sweat productions relies on ____ & _____
conductions and convection
Cutaneous sensations convey external sensations to _____-
spinal cord
which are the external sensations of cutaneous sensations
pain, temp, touch, pressure
What waste products are excreted with sweat?
ammonia and urea
Lipids can penetrate which layer?
keratin layer
skin absorbs what?
lipid soluble, gases, organic solvents
Three types of protection from environment by skin are?
chemical, physicals, and biological
Two examples of chemical protection from environment by skin?
oily secretions contain defensins and low pH = retard microbe growth
Melanin protects stem cells from UV rays
whats another name for sebum
oily secretions
Physical protection from environment is designed to w/stand _____
abrasian
Skin is ______, therefore no _____ for _____
continous, therefore no space for pathogens
Which protein is good at resisting tears?
keratin
Which cells found in the epidermis are responsible for immune surveillance?
intraepidermal macrophages
Which cells activate langerhan cells
intraepidermal macrophages
Which ion is needed for neurons and muscles to function properly?
Calcium
vitamin D does what?
allows calcium to cross GI tract and tells kidney to not pee it out
Skin contributes to the synthesis of what? correspondingly contributing to the homeostasis of what?
vitamin -D, and calcium homeostasis
To make active vitamine D what happens to precursor vitamin D?
precurous travels acrros skin via blood stream, exposed to light and heat of sun, then travels through liver and kidney
four steps of deep wounds?
inflames, migratory, proliferate, mature
what is the most abundant cell type in the epidermis?
keratinocytes
Keratin protects against what?
heat, abrasian, microbes, chemicals
What are the four cell types in the epidermis?
keratinocytes, langerhans cell, melanocyte, merkel cells
langerhans cells are in which layer?
stratum spinosum
Langerhans cells are responsible for what?
survey for bacteria
Melanocytes sit in which layer?
stratum basale
which layer is melanin projects to?
stratum spinosum
melanocyte finger processes project into which layer?
stratum spinosum
What do merkel cells do?
detect touch sensations
which layer are merkel cells in?
stratum basale
What are the five layers of epidermis?
stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum basale
whats another name for stratum basale?
germinativum
whats another name for stratum corneum?
horny
whats another name for stratum lucidum?
clear
whats another name for stratum granulosum
granular
whats another name for stratum spinosum
spiny
epidermal wound involves which steps
division of stratum basal cells, migration across wound, epidermal thickening
which layer contains lots of mature keratin?
stratum corneum
Which layer is composed completely of dead cells
stratum corneum
which layer has 20-30 cells
stratum corneum
which layer has no organells
stratum corneum
which layer is present only in thick skin?
stratum lucidum
why does stratum lucidum appear clear on histology?
bc lots of fat vesicles
where can you find thick skin?
palm and soles of feet
stratum granulosum has how many layers
3-5
what is the transition zone in the epidermal layers
stratum granulosum
Which layer contains keratohyalin
stratum granulosum
what are keratohyalin?
keratin filaments that are starting to make connections but are not mature
where can I find lamellar granules?
stratum granulosum
what are lamellar granules?
membrane coating granules
what is the thickest layer of the epidermis?
stratum spinosum
Which layer is abundant with keratinocytes?
stratum spinosum
How are cells joined in the stratum spinosum layer?
by desmosomes
New cells are produced in which layer?
stratum basale
Skin tone is the expression of which 3 pigments?
melanin, carotene, hemoglobin
What gives rise to fingerprints?
epidermal ridges
what increases the SA of epidermis?
epidermal ridges
Epidermial ridges serve what purpose?
keeps the epidermis form pulling away from dermis layer
Epidermal ridges are composed of ______ and _____
epidermal pegs and dermal papilla
What are the four types of skin glands?
sebaceous, aprocrine, eccrine, ceruminous
what does ceruminous produce
waxy substances
Eccrine is controlled by which NS?
ANS
where can apocrine be found?
pubes, armpit, facial hair
sebaceous produces what
oils
sebaceous is attached to what
hair follicles
whats the diff between grey hair and shiny hair?
grey hair is no melanin, shiny hair is no melanin with air bubbles
increased UV exposure leads to what
increased melanin synthesis
do kayne have more melanocytes than taylor
no, same # of melanocytes but diff amounts of melanin
how does hair get its colour
melanocytes insert melanin into keratinocytes
What are four melanocyte alterations?
albinism, vitiligo, freckles/moles, melanoma
What is melanoma
malignant form of cancer
What are freckles/moles
aggregation of melanin/melanocytes
what is vitiligo
loss of pigment in patches bc immune system thinks melanocytes are foreign
what is albinism
no melanin produced
Carotene is what type of vitamin?
vitamin a