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anatomy > Tissue and Integument > Flashcards

Tissue and Integument Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four types of tissues

A

epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

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2
Q

Epithelial tissues are classified according to:

A

shape and number of cell layers

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3
Q

What are the two types of # of cell layers

A

simple and stratified

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4
Q

what are the three types of shapes of epithelial tissue cells

A

squamous, cuboidal, columnar

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5
Q

Squamous cells are good for …

A

rapid diggusion

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6
Q

cuboidal cells are good for …

A

secretion/absorption

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7
Q

columnar cells are good for …

A

secretion/absorption

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8
Q

Pseudostratified cells are

A

single layer of cells that looks like several bc nuclei at diff levels

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9
Q

what is the surface of cell layer that faces the outside environment called?

A

apical surface

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10
Q

what is the surface of cell layer that faces the internal body called?

A

basal surface

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11
Q

Epithelial is _________ bc it _______ blood vessels

A

avascular; lacks blood vessels

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12
Q

Epithelial tissue gets its nutrients via _______-

A

diffusion

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13
Q

Simple cuboidal can be found in …

A

kidney tubulues

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14
Q

stratified squamous can be found in …

A

mucous membrane of vagina

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15
Q

simple columnar can be found in …

A

small intestine

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16
Q

pseudostratified have all cells touching the _______ _____

A

basement membrane

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17
Q

What is the most abundant tissue by weight in the body?

A

connective tissue

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18
Q

What are the 5 classes of connective tissue?

A

loose, dense, cartilage, bone, blood

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19
Q

White blood cells are ___ tissue

A

connective tissue

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20
Q

Connective tissue is ______ bc it has _____ of blood vessels

A

vascularized; lots of BV

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21
Q

which tissue serves the purpose of infection

A

connective tissue

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22
Q

Define loose connective tissue

A

fibers loosely arranged btw cells

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23
Q

define dense connective tissue

A

lots of fiber, cells surrounded by collagen, low blood supply

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24
Q

which connective tissue class has low blood supply?

A

dense connective tissue

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25
Q

Example of cartilage?

A

chondrocyte

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26
Q

Example of bone?

A

oxytocytes

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27
Q

example of blood

A

erythrocytes

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28
Q

what type of tissue is bone?

A

connective tissue

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29
Q

What type of ground substance does cartilage have?

A

gelatinous

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30
Q

What type of ground substance does bone have?

A

cartilage

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31
Q

What type of ground substance does blood have?

A

fluid

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32
Q

define connective tissue

A

a group of cells surrounded by an extra cellular matrix

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33
Q

define extra cellular matrix

A

ground substance and fibers

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34
Q

What are the two componenets that make up the diff classes of connective tissue?

A

amount of fiber types and cell types produced

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35
Q

What is the integumentary system composed of?

A

skin, accessory organs, nails, hair, glands

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36
Q

What is the cutaenous membrane?

A

dermis and epidermis

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37
Q

Where is the cutaneous membrane located?

A

on top of adipocyte layer

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38
Q

Layer of adipocytes is called ________ or ________

A

hypodermis or subcutaneous layer

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39
Q

what is the subcutaneous layer

A

layer of adipocytes

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40
Q

what is the hypodermis layer?

A

layer of adipocytes

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41
Q

What type of tissue is the epidermis?

A

epithelial tissue

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42
Q

What is the dermis tissue?

A

connective tissue

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43
Q

What are the 6 functions of the skin?

A

thermo regulation, blood reservoir, protection from environment, cutaneous sensations, excretion/absorption, synthesis of vitamin D

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44
Q

what are the ABCDEs of melignant melanomas?

A

asymmetrical, borders uneven, two or more colours, diameter larger than 6 mm, elevated/evolving

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45
Q

The dermis contains what?

A

collagen and elastic fibers that are secreted by fibroblasts

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46
Q

Do elastic fibers or collagen provide support?

A

elastic fibers

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47
Q

when skin is blue this indicates what?

A

hypoexemia, deoxygenated bloo

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48
Q

when skin is yellow this indicates what?

A

liver dysfunction , biliruben from red blood cells is building up

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49
Q

when skin is red this indicates what?

A

increased blood flow bc of BV dilation

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50
Q

What causes red skin?

A

heat, infection, inflammation, alergic reaction

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51
Q

When skin is white what does this indicate?

A

shock, anemia, peripheral vasoconstriction

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52
Q

anemia makes the skin what colour?

A

white

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53
Q

blue skin is called

A

cyanotic

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54
Q

yellow skin is called

A

jaundiced

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55
Q

red skin is caleld

A

erythema

56
Q

white skin is called

A

pallor

57
Q

Superficial horizontal flexus directs _____ to _____-

A

blood to epidermis

58
Q

Suderiferous glands are also called

A

sweat glands

59
Q

suderiferous glands help when temp is too ___

A

hot

60
Q

superficial horizontal flexus does what?

A

dilates BV and directs blood to dermis when too hot

61
Q

deep horziontal flexus does what?

A

conserves heat by directing blood deeper

62
Q

temp regulation by sweat productions relies on ____ & _____

A

conductions and convection

63
Q

Cutaneous sensations convey external sensations to _____-

A

spinal cord

64
Q

which are the external sensations of cutaneous sensations

A

pain, temp, touch, pressure

65
Q

What waste products are excreted with sweat?

A

ammonia and urea

66
Q

Lipids can penetrate which layer?

A

keratin layer

67
Q

skin absorbs what?

A

lipid soluble, gases, organic solvents

68
Q

Three types of protection from environment by skin are?

A

chemical, physicals, and biological

69
Q

Two examples of chemical protection from environment by skin?

A

oily secretions contain defensins and low pH = retard microbe growth

Melanin protects stem cells from UV rays

70
Q

whats another name for sebum

A

oily secretions

71
Q

Physical protection from environment is designed to w/stand _____

A

abrasian

72
Q

Skin is ______, therefore no _____ for _____

A

continous, therefore no space for pathogens

73
Q

Which protein is good at resisting tears?

A

keratin

74
Q

Which cells found in the epidermis are responsible for immune surveillance?

A

intraepidermal macrophages

75
Q

Which cells activate langerhan cells

A

intraepidermal macrophages

76
Q

Which ion is needed for neurons and muscles to function properly?

A

Calcium

77
Q

vitamin D does what?

A

allows calcium to cross GI tract and tells kidney to not pee it out

78
Q

Skin contributes to the synthesis of what? correspondingly contributing to the homeostasis of what?

A

vitamin -D, and calcium homeostasis

79
Q

To make active vitamine D what happens to precursor vitamin D?

A

precurous travels acrros skin via blood stream, exposed to light and heat of sun, then travels through liver and kidney

80
Q

four steps of deep wounds?

A

inflames, migratory, proliferate, mature

81
Q

what is the most abundant cell type in the epidermis?

A

keratinocytes

82
Q

Keratin protects against what?

A

heat, abrasian, microbes, chemicals

83
Q

What are the four cell types in the epidermis?

A

keratinocytes, langerhans cell, melanocyte, merkel cells

84
Q

langerhans cells are in which layer?

A

stratum spinosum

85
Q

Langerhans cells are responsible for what?

A

survey for bacteria

86
Q

Melanocytes sit in which layer?

A

stratum basale

87
Q

which layer is melanin projects to?

A

stratum spinosum

88
Q

melanocyte finger processes project into which layer?

A

stratum spinosum

89
Q

What do merkel cells do?

A

detect touch sensations

90
Q

which layer are merkel cells in?

A

stratum basale

91
Q

What are the five layers of epidermis?

A

stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum basale

92
Q

whats another name for stratum basale?

A

germinativum

93
Q

whats another name for stratum corneum?

A

horny

94
Q

whats another name for stratum lucidum?

A

clear

95
Q

whats another name for stratum granulosum

A

granular

96
Q

whats another name for stratum spinosum

A

spiny

97
Q

epidermal wound involves which steps

A

division of stratum basal cells, migration across wound, epidermal thickening

98
Q

which layer contains lots of mature keratin?

A

stratum corneum

99
Q

Which layer is composed completely of dead cells

A

stratum corneum

100
Q

which layer has 20-30 cells

A

stratum corneum

101
Q

which layer has no organells

A

stratum corneum

102
Q

which layer is present only in thick skin?

A

stratum lucidum

103
Q

why does stratum lucidum appear clear on histology?

A

bc lots of fat vesicles

104
Q

where can you find thick skin?

A

palm and soles of feet

105
Q

stratum granulosum has how many layers

A

3-5

106
Q

what is the transition zone in the epidermal layers

A

stratum granulosum

107
Q

Which layer contains keratohyalin

A

stratum granulosum

108
Q

what are keratohyalin?

A

keratin filaments that are starting to make connections but are not mature

109
Q

where can I find lamellar granules?

A

stratum granulosum

110
Q

what are lamellar granules?

A

membrane coating granules

111
Q

what is the thickest layer of the epidermis?

A

stratum spinosum

112
Q

Which layer is abundant with keratinocytes?

A

stratum spinosum

113
Q

How are cells joined in the stratum spinosum layer?

A

by desmosomes

114
Q

New cells are produced in which layer?

A

stratum basale

115
Q

Skin tone is the expression of which 3 pigments?

A

melanin, carotene, hemoglobin

116
Q

What gives rise to fingerprints?

A

epidermal ridges

117
Q

what increases the SA of epidermis?

A

epidermal ridges

118
Q

Epidermial ridges serve what purpose?

A

keeps the epidermis form pulling away from dermis layer

119
Q

Epidermal ridges are composed of ______ and _____

A

epidermal pegs and dermal papilla

120
Q

What are the four types of skin glands?

A

sebaceous, aprocrine, eccrine, ceruminous

121
Q

what does ceruminous produce

A

waxy substances

122
Q

Eccrine is controlled by which NS?

A

ANS

123
Q

where can apocrine be found?

A

pubes, armpit, facial hair

124
Q

sebaceous produces what

A

oils

125
Q

sebaceous is attached to what

A

hair follicles

126
Q

whats the diff between grey hair and shiny hair?

A

grey hair is no melanin, shiny hair is no melanin with air bubbles

127
Q

increased UV exposure leads to what

A

increased melanin synthesis

128
Q

do kayne have more melanocytes than taylor

A

no, same # of melanocytes but diff amounts of melanin

129
Q

how does hair get its colour

A

melanocytes insert melanin into keratinocytes

130
Q

What are four melanocyte alterations?

A

albinism, vitiligo, freckles/moles, melanoma

131
Q

What is melanoma

A

malignant form of cancer

132
Q

What are freckles/moles

A

aggregation of melanin/melanocytes

133
Q

what is vitiligo

A

loss of pigment in patches bc immune system thinks melanocytes are foreign

134
Q

what is albinism

A

no melanin produced

135
Q

Carotene is what type of vitamin?

A

vitamin a

anatomy (12 decks)

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