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anatomy > CNS 3 - Diencephalon, brainstem, cerebellum > Flashcards

CNS 3 - Diencephalon, brainstem, cerebellum Flashcards

1
Q

Cerebrum is mounted on top of which structure?

A

diencephalon

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2
Q

diencephalon controls which NS?

A

ANS

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3
Q

diencephalon is the ________ relay center

A

sensory and motor

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4
Q

diencephalon relays info from _____ to _____

A

basal nuclei to overlying cortex

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5
Q

what structure is below the diencephalon?

A

brainstem

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6
Q

What are the three parts of the brainstem?

A

midbrain, pons, medella

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7
Q

what is located behind the pons?

A

cerebellum

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8
Q

what is the cerebellum do? (2 things)

A

coordinate movement and balance

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9
Q

diencephalon is closely associated with which ventricle?

A

3rd ventricle

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10
Q

What structure is located on the lateral wall of the 3rd ventricle?

A

the two thalamus

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11
Q

Thalamus does what?

A

makes devision, protects cortex, gateway nucleus to overlying cortex

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12
Q

which structure is considered the gateway nucleus?

A

thalamus

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13
Q

Hypothalamus regulates which NS?

A

ANS

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14
Q

Hypothalamus is responsible for maintaining balance between which NS?

A

para and sympa

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15
Q

Originating ANS controlling nuclei is located where?

A

hypothalamus

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16
Q

Hypothalamus is responsible for:

A

blood pressure, heart rate, digestive motility, respiratory rate, pupil size, fear, rage, pleasure, sexual orientation, temp regulation, appetite, water intake, thirst

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17
Q

Which structure regulates thirst?

A

hypothalamus

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18
Q

Which structure regulates the pineal gland?

A

hypothalamus

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19
Q

Which sturcture has an internal clock?

A

hypothalamus

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20
Q

Pineal gland reuglates what?

A

sleep, circadian rhythm, endocrine control

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21
Q

what substance does the pineal gland release?

A

melatonin

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22
Q

Neurons in the hypothalamus project into which sturcture?

A

posterior pituitary

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23
Q

Which substances are released from the posterior pituitary? what are they classified as

A

oxytocin, vasopressin -? neurohormones

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24
Q

Oxytocin is responsible for what?

A

uterine contractiosn and lactations

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25
Q

Vasopressin is responsible for what?

A

water retention and raises blood pressure

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26
Q

A lession in the hypothalamus causes what?

A

agression and sex-drive issues

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27
Q

Diencephalon is located under what structure?

A

corpus callosum

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28
Q

the two thalamus are connected by what?

A

interthalamic adhesion

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29
Q

Hypothalamus is located in which ventricle? which wall of this ventricle?

A

inferior wall of 3rd ventricle

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30
Q

hypothalmus leads to which gland?

A

posterior pituitary

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31
Q

Where is pineal gland locaated?

A

behind thalamus, back of corpus calosum

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32
Q

Diencephalon is ______ to basal nuclei

A

medial

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33
Q

What structures compose the diencephalon?

A

thalmus, hypothalmus, pineal gland, posterior pituitary

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34
Q

thalmus is divided into three diff functions?

A

memory, motor, sensations

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35
Q

The anterior and medial aspects of the thalamus are responsible for what function?

A

memory

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36
Q

Which part of the thalamus is responsible for memory?

A

anterior and medial aspects

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37
Q

Which structure links the mammillary bodies to the cingulate cortex?

A

thalamus

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38
Q

which structure do the mammillary bodies synapse in? Where dose this info go after?

A

thalamus, then goes to cingulate cortex

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39
Q

The medial aspect of the thalamus is responsible for what function?

A

motor

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40
Q

What part of the thalamus is responsible for the motor function?

A

medial aspect

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41
Q

The motor function of the thalamus does what?

A

determine balance between basal nuclei and cerebellar output to premotor cortex

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42
Q

Which structure determines the balance between the basal nuclei and the cerebellar output ot the premotor cortex?

A

Medial aspect of thalamus

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43
Q

The posterior aspect of the thalamus is responsible for which sensations?

A

vision and hearing

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44
Q

The lateral aspect of the thalamus is responsible for which sensations?

A

touch, pressure, proprioception, pain, and temperature

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45
Q

What does the medial geniculate nuclei do?

A

Is responsible for auditory input to thalamus

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46
Q

What does the lateral geniculate nuclei do?

A

is responsible for visual input to the thalamus

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47
Q

Which structure directs the thalamus’ selective attention?

A

Frontal cortex

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48
Q

When brainstem exits the ______ which structure is formed?

A

Foramen magnum; spinal cord

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49
Q

Which structure initiates ANS function?

A

Brainstem

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50
Q

Which structure regulates the balance btw Parasympathetic and sympathetic NS?

A

Hypothalamus

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51
Q

Which structure gives rise to the cranial nerves?

A

Brainstem

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52
Q

What do The cranial nerves do?

A

Receive sensations from head and neck and provide motor output to head and neck muscles

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53
Q

What structure runs through the midbrain?

A

Cerebral aqueduct

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54
Q

What are the three parts of the brainstem?

A

Midbrain, pons and medulla

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55
Q

Describe the specific location of the cranial nerves

A

4 above, 4 within and 4 below the pond

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56
Q

What do you call the axons leading to and from he cerebral cortex that are located on the front of the brainstem at the midbrain?

A

Cerebral peduncles

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57
Q

What do the cerebral peduncles hold up?

A

Cerebral cortex

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58
Q

What are cerebral peduncles

A

Axons leading to and from the cerebral cortex

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59
Q

Where are the cerebral peduncles located

A

Front of the brainstem

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60
Q

Where do the cerebral peduncles emerge from?

A

Pins

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61
Q

What do you call the fibres that cross from the L and R side of the pons

A

Cerebellar peduncles

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62
Q

Relay nuclei from cortex to cerebellum via which fibres?

A

Cerebellar peduncles

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63
Q

What do you call the big columns of white matter tracts that run down the medulla?

A

Corticospinal motor tracts

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64
Q

Corticospinal motor tracts carry info from _____ to _____

A

Brain to spinal cord

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65
Q

Which white matter tract contributes to the contra lateral nature of the brain?

A

Corticospinal motor tracts

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66
Q

Where do the corticospinal motor tracts cross over?

A

Junction between medulla and spinal cord

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67
Q

What do you call the crossing over of the corticospinal tract?

A

Pyramidal decussation

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68
Q

Where do the corticospinal tracts emerge from?

A

Pons

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69
Q

what is the function of the anterior thalamus

A

alertness and highlights importance

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70
Q

what is the purpose of the anterior cingulate?

A

reality check

71
Q

lesion to the anterior cingulate causes what pathology?

A

schizophrenia

72
Q

Posterior thalamus does what?

A

filter senses

73
Q

Sensory perception goes into which part of the thalamus?

A

posterior thalamic nuclei

74
Q

Diencephalon is supplied by which artery?

A

posterior and middle cerebral artery

75
Q

Deep nuclei is supplied by which artery?

A

posterior and middle cerebral artery

76
Q

What is thalamic syndrome?

A

all sensations are passed through the thalamus, NO FILTER

77
Q

What type of paralysis occurs in thalamic syndrome?

A

contralateral

78
Q

Thalamic syndrome does what to sensation?

A

loss of sensation on the contralateral body side

79
Q

Where is the L&R superior colliculi located?

A

back of midbrain

80
Q

Where is the L&R inferior colliculi located?

A

back of midbrain

81
Q

Which structure is responsible for vision reflex relay?

A

superior colliculi

82
Q

Which structure is responsible for auditory reflex relay?

A

inferior colliculi

83
Q

What do you call the 4 bodies on the back of the midbrain?

A

corpora quadrigemina

84
Q

Which structure supplies the cerebellum with visual input?

A

superior colliculi

85
Q

Which structure supports the cerebellum?

A

cerebellar peduncles

86
Q

superior cerebellar peduncle carries info from ____ to _____

A

cerebellum to brain

87
Q

The middle cerebellar peduncle is composed of which fibres?

A

centripetal fibres

88
Q

Inferior cerebellar peduncle carries info from ____ to _____

A

spinal cord to the cerebellum

89
Q

The columns of axons on the back of the medulla are called?

A

somatosensory tracks

90
Q

somatosensory tracts on the back of the medulla carry what info?

A

touch, pressure and proprioception

91
Q

What do you call the 5th cranial nerve

A

trigeminal nerve

92
Q

Which nerve is responsible for chewing?

A

trigeminal

93
Q

Which nerve is responsible for mastication muscles?

A

trigeminal

94
Q

What do you call nerve 0?

A

terminal nerve

95
Q

Which two nerves lead to the olfactory tract?

A

terminal nerve and olfactory nerve

96
Q

Which two nerves carry pheramones and smell to the cerebral cortex

A

terminal and olfactory nerve

97
Q

Which nerve makes a decussation in front of the pituitary gland?

A

optic nerve

98
Q

The optic nerve makes a decussation in front of which structure?

A

pituitary gland

99
Q

Which nerve is in charge of AN function?

A

vagus nerve

100
Q

Which structure is in charge of automatic arm swinging?

A

red nucleus of the brain stem

101
Q

Which structure allows you to crawl?

A

red nucleus

102
Q

Which structure on the brainstem has a good blood supply?

A

red nucleus

103
Q

Which structure in the brainstem is sensitive to neurodegeneration?

A

substantia nigra

104
Q

Which structure sprinkles _____ on the basal ganglia to allow info flow

A

dopamine; substantia nigra

105
Q

Which structure in the brainstem maintains altertness?

A

reticular formation

106
Q

Does smell go into the reticular formation?

A

NOPE

107
Q

Which excitatory NT are released from Retricular formation?

A

achetylcholine and norepinephrine

108
Q

What does the descending branch of the reticular formation do?

A

controls pain

109
Q

The descending branch of the reticular formation releases what? give examples of the NT

A

release endogenous opioids; specific NT: endorphins and enkephalins

110
Q

Cerebellum has two main functions, what are they?

A

coordinate motor movement and maintain balance

111
Q

Does basal nuclei have sensory input?

A

NOPE

112
Q

Which structure is in charge of movement when things are changing in space or time?

A

cerebellum

113
Q

Basal nuclei makes planned motor movement based on what?

A

experience

114
Q

Which structure does the cortex ask first to make a motor movement? Basal nuclei or cerebellum?

A

asked at the same time

115
Q

A patient displays a loss of coordination, tremors, inability to walk and has slurred speech, where is the lesion?

A

cerebellum

116
Q

Frontal cortex sends a message to the cerebellum via which two structures?

A

pons and cerebellar peduncles

117
Q

which 3 info does the cerebellum recieve?

A

propreioception, vision, vestibular system

118
Q

Which nerve supplies the cerebellum with info about balance?

A

8th cranial nerve

119
Q

Vestibular system consists of which nerve?

A

8th cranial nerve

120
Q

Which structure supplies the cerebellum with visual info?

A

superior colliculus

121
Q

Info from cerebellum gets sent to which structure? and then goes to which structure?

A

thalamus then overlying cortex

122
Q

Which part of the cerebellum calculates movement?

A

cerebellar cortex

123
Q

what are the deep cerebellar nuclei?

A

denate gyrus and fastigial nucleus

124
Q

What are teh three parts of the cerebellum

A

vestibulocerebellu, spinocerebellum, cerebrocerebellum

125
Q

The lateral cerebellar hemisphere is divided by which central ridge?

A

vermis

126
Q

the axial skeleton is coordinated by which part of the cerebellum?

A

medial portio of the cerebellum

127
Q

the appendicular skeleton is coordinated by which part of the cerebellum?

A

lateral portion

128
Q

the vestibulocerebellum does what?

A

coordinates balance of axial skeleton and controls eye movements

129
Q

which part of the cerebellum extends underneath the cerebellar cortex and emerges at the bottom?

A

vestibulocerebellum

130
Q

the spinocerebellum receieves alot of info from what?

A

spinal proprioceptors

131
Q

limb coordination and muscle tone of the appendicular skeleton is controlled by which part of the cerebellum?

A

spinocerebellum

132
Q

which part of the cerebellum is in charge of planned and learned action?

A

cerebrocerebellum

133
Q

frontal cortex sends input to which part of the cerebellum

A

cerebrocerebellum

134
Q

is proprioception info ipsilateral or contralateral?

A

ipsilateral

135
Q

in axial motor pathways, where does the crossing occur?

A

at the pyramidal tract

136
Q

IN the axial skeleton, info travels (crosses over) from _____ to ___

A

cerebellum to motor cortex

137
Q

Explain the appendicular skeleton movement pathway

A

precentral gyrus -> internal capsule -> cerebral peduncles -> pons -> croses over via corticospinal tract -> ipsilateral cerebellum ->dentate nucleus of cerebellum -> crosses over via superiror cerebrellar peduncle -> red nucleus of brainstem -> thalamus -> contralateral cortex ->brainstem ->suscles contract

138
Q

where does the axon first synapse in the movement pathway for the appendicular skeleton?

A

pons

139
Q

where is the internal capsule located?

A

btw the thalamus and basal nuclei

140
Q

ipsilateral or contralateraL? cerebellum-body

A

ipsilateral

141
Q

ipsilateral or contralateraL? cerebellum-brain

A

contralateral

142
Q

ipsilateral or contralateraL? brain-body

A

contralateral

143
Q

Axial skeleton movement occurs in which part of cerebellum

A

medial part, specifically vermis

144
Q

cerebellum is susceptible to what substance?

A

organic solvents

145
Q

medial cerebellum ataxia affects what?

A

balance

146
Q

lateral cerebellum ataxia causes what?

A

intention tremor

147
Q

intention tremor affects which part of the cerebellum

A

lateral cerbellum, specifically the spinocerbellum and the cerebrocerebellum

148
Q

A person with intention tremor cant control their ___ or _____

A

trajectory or endpoint

149
Q

Intent tremor is ipsilateral or contralateral to cerbellar hemisphere affected?

A

ipsilateral

150
Q

is cerebllum circuity ipsilateral or contralateral?

A

ipsilateral

151
Q

a lesion above the decussation of the superior cerebellar peduncle -> contralateral or ipsilateral motor deficits?

A

contralateral

152
Q

a lesion below the decussation of the superior cerebellar peduncle -> contralateral or ipsilateral motor deficits?

A

ipsilateral

153
Q

How many inputs does a cerebellum need to make a motor plan?

A

2 out of 3

154
Q

What test do physiotherapists use when a patient displays intense swaying?

A

romberg test

155
Q

If sway increases in a romberg test what can be concluded?

A

problem with vestibular or propreoception input

156
Q

If sway stays the same in a romberg test what can be concluded?

A

problem with cerebellum itself

157
Q

what structure has degenerated in parkinsons disease?

A

substantia nigra

158
Q

Parkinson disease involves which symptoms?

A

tremor

159
Q

What pathology involves trouble starting and stopping a motor movement?

A

parkinsons disease

160
Q

optic nerve projects where

A

visual cortex via thalamus and superior colliculus

161
Q

what does the terminal nerve do? is it sensory, motor, both? What number?

A

phermones, sensory, 0

162
Q

what does the olfactory nerve do? is it sensory, motor, both?What number?

A

smell, sensory, 1

163
Q

what does the optic nerve do? is it sensory, motor, both?What number?

A

vision, sensory, 2

164
Q

what does the oculomotor nerve do? is it sensory, motor, both?What number?

A

eye muscle, motor, 3

165
Q

what does the trochlear nerve do? is it sensory, motor, both?What number?

A

eye muscle, motor, 4

166
Q

what does the trigeminal nerve do? is it sensory, motor, both? What number?

A

chewing muscles; face, neck, meninges sensations, both, 5

167
Q

what does the abducens nerve do? is it sensory, motor, both? What number?

A

eye muscle, motor, 6

168
Q

what does the facial nerve do? is it sensory, motor, both? What number?

A

taste + muscles for facial expression, both, 7

169
Q

what does the vestibulocochlear nerve do? is it sensory, motor, both? What number?

A

balance+ hearing, sensory, 8

170
Q

what does the glossophayrngeal nerve do? is it sensory, motor, both? What number?

A

muscles for swallowing + taste, both, 9

171
Q

what does the vagus nerve do? is it sensory, motor, both? What number?

A

controls AN function to internal organs, both, 10

172
Q

what does the accesory nerve do? is it sensory, motor, both? What number?

A

muscles for head movements, motor, 11

173
Q

what does the hypoglossal nerve do? is it sensory, motor, both? What number?

A

tongue muscles, motor,12

anatomy (12 decks)

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