CNS 3 - Diencephalon, brainstem, cerebellum Flashcards
Cerebrum is mounted on top of which structure?
diencephalon
diencephalon controls which NS?
ANS
diencephalon is the ________ relay center
sensory and motor
diencephalon relays info from _____ to _____
basal nuclei to overlying cortex
what structure is below the diencephalon?
brainstem
What are the three parts of the brainstem?
midbrain, pons, medella
what is located behind the pons?
cerebellum
what is the cerebellum do? (2 things)
coordinate movement and balance
diencephalon is closely associated with which ventricle?
3rd ventricle
What structure is located on the lateral wall of the 3rd ventricle?
the two thalamus
Thalamus does what?
makes devision, protects cortex, gateway nucleus to overlying cortex
which structure is considered the gateway nucleus?
thalamus
Hypothalamus regulates which NS?
ANS
Hypothalamus is responsible for maintaining balance between which NS?
para and sympa
Originating ANS controlling nuclei is located where?
hypothalamus
Hypothalamus is responsible for:
blood pressure, heart rate, digestive motility, respiratory rate, pupil size, fear, rage, pleasure, sexual orientation, temp regulation, appetite, water intake, thirst
Which structure regulates thirst?
hypothalamus
Which structure regulates the pineal gland?
hypothalamus
Which sturcture has an internal clock?
hypothalamus
Pineal gland reuglates what?
sleep, circadian rhythm, endocrine control
what substance does the pineal gland release?
melatonin
Neurons in the hypothalamus project into which sturcture?
posterior pituitary
Which substances are released from the posterior pituitary? what are they classified as
oxytocin, vasopressin -? neurohormones
Oxytocin is responsible for what?
uterine contractiosn and lactations
Vasopressin is responsible for what?
water retention and raises blood pressure
A lession in the hypothalamus causes what?
agression and sex-drive issues
Diencephalon is located under what structure?
corpus callosum
the two thalamus are connected by what?
interthalamic adhesion
Hypothalamus is located in which ventricle? which wall of this ventricle?
inferior wall of 3rd ventricle
hypothalmus leads to which gland?
posterior pituitary
Where is pineal gland locaated?
behind thalamus, back of corpus calosum
Diencephalon is ______ to basal nuclei
medial
What structures compose the diencephalon?
thalmus, hypothalmus, pineal gland, posterior pituitary
thalmus is divided into three diff functions?
memory, motor, sensations
The anterior and medial aspects of the thalamus are responsible for what function?
memory
Which part of the thalamus is responsible for memory?
anterior and medial aspects
Which structure links the mammillary bodies to the cingulate cortex?
thalamus
which structure do the mammillary bodies synapse in? Where dose this info go after?
thalamus, then goes to cingulate cortex
The medial aspect of the thalamus is responsible for what function?
motor
What part of the thalamus is responsible for the motor function?
medial aspect
The motor function of the thalamus does what?
determine balance between basal nuclei and cerebellar output to premotor cortex
Which structure determines the balance between the basal nuclei and the cerebellar output ot the premotor cortex?
Medial aspect of thalamus
The posterior aspect of the thalamus is responsible for which sensations?
vision and hearing
The lateral aspect of the thalamus is responsible for which sensations?
touch, pressure, proprioception, pain, and temperature
What does the medial geniculate nuclei do?
Is responsible for auditory input to thalamus
What does the lateral geniculate nuclei do?
is responsible for visual input to the thalamus
Which structure directs the thalamus’ selective attention?
Frontal cortex
When brainstem exits the ______ which structure is formed?
Foramen magnum; spinal cord
Which structure initiates ANS function?
Brainstem
Which structure regulates the balance btw Parasympathetic and sympathetic NS?
Hypothalamus
Which structure gives rise to the cranial nerves?
Brainstem
What do The cranial nerves do?
Receive sensations from head and neck and provide motor output to head and neck muscles
What structure runs through the midbrain?
Cerebral aqueduct
What are the three parts of the brainstem?
Midbrain, pons and medulla
Describe the specific location of the cranial nerves
4 above, 4 within and 4 below the pond
What do you call the axons leading to and from he cerebral cortex that are located on the front of the brainstem at the midbrain?
Cerebral peduncles
What do the cerebral peduncles hold up?
Cerebral cortex
What are cerebral peduncles
Axons leading to and from the cerebral cortex
Where are the cerebral peduncles located
Front of the brainstem
Where do the cerebral peduncles emerge from?
Pins
What do you call the fibres that cross from the L and R side of the pons
Cerebellar peduncles
Relay nuclei from cortex to cerebellum via which fibres?
Cerebellar peduncles
What do you call the big columns of white matter tracts that run down the medulla?
Corticospinal motor tracts
Corticospinal motor tracts carry info from _____ to _____
Brain to spinal cord
Which white matter tract contributes to the contra lateral nature of the brain?
Corticospinal motor tracts
Where do the corticospinal motor tracts cross over?
Junction between medulla and spinal cord
What do you call the crossing over of the corticospinal tract?
Pyramidal decussation
Where do the corticospinal tracts emerge from?
Pons
what is the function of the anterior thalamus
alertness and highlights importance
what is the purpose of the anterior cingulate?
reality check
lesion to the anterior cingulate causes what pathology?
schizophrenia
Posterior thalamus does what?
filter senses
Sensory perception goes into which part of the thalamus?
posterior thalamic nuclei
Diencephalon is supplied by which artery?
posterior and middle cerebral artery
Deep nuclei is supplied by which artery?
posterior and middle cerebral artery
What is thalamic syndrome?
all sensations are passed through the thalamus, NO FILTER
What type of paralysis occurs in thalamic syndrome?
contralateral
Thalamic syndrome does what to sensation?
loss of sensation on the contralateral body side
Where is the L&R superior colliculi located?
back of midbrain
Where is the L&R inferior colliculi located?
back of midbrain
Which structure is responsible for vision reflex relay?
superior colliculi
Which structure is responsible for auditory reflex relay?
inferior colliculi
What do you call the 4 bodies on the back of the midbrain?
corpora quadrigemina
Which structure supplies the cerebellum with visual input?
superior colliculi
Which structure supports the cerebellum?
cerebellar peduncles
superior cerebellar peduncle carries info from ____ to _____
cerebellum to brain
The middle cerebellar peduncle is composed of which fibres?
centripetal fibres
Inferior cerebellar peduncle carries info from ____ to _____
spinal cord to the cerebellum
The columns of axons on the back of the medulla are called?
somatosensory tracks
somatosensory tracts on the back of the medulla carry what info?
touch, pressure and proprioception
What do you call the 5th cranial nerve
trigeminal nerve
Which nerve is responsible for chewing?
trigeminal
Which nerve is responsible for mastication muscles?
trigeminal
What do you call nerve 0?
terminal nerve
Which two nerves lead to the olfactory tract?
terminal nerve and olfactory nerve
Which two nerves carry pheramones and smell to the cerebral cortex
terminal and olfactory nerve
Which nerve makes a decussation in front of the pituitary gland?
optic nerve
The optic nerve makes a decussation in front of which structure?
pituitary gland
Which nerve is in charge of AN function?
vagus nerve
Which structure is in charge of automatic arm swinging?
red nucleus of the brain stem
Which structure allows you to crawl?
red nucleus
Which structure on the brainstem has a good blood supply?
red nucleus
Which structure in the brainstem is sensitive to neurodegeneration?
substantia nigra
Which structure sprinkles _____ on the basal ganglia to allow info flow
dopamine; substantia nigra
Which structure in the brainstem maintains altertness?
reticular formation
Does smell go into the reticular formation?
NOPE
Which excitatory NT are released from Retricular formation?
achetylcholine and norepinephrine
What does the descending branch of the reticular formation do?
controls pain
The descending branch of the reticular formation releases what? give examples of the NT
release endogenous opioids; specific NT: endorphins and enkephalins
Cerebellum has two main functions, what are they?
coordinate motor movement and maintain balance
Does basal nuclei have sensory input?
NOPE
Which structure is in charge of movement when things are changing in space or time?
cerebellum
Basal nuclei makes planned motor movement based on what?
experience
Which structure does the cortex ask first to make a motor movement? Basal nuclei or cerebellum?
asked at the same time
A patient displays a loss of coordination, tremors, inability to walk and has slurred speech, where is the lesion?
cerebellum
Frontal cortex sends a message to the cerebellum via which two structures?
pons and cerebellar peduncles
which 3 info does the cerebellum recieve?
propreioception, vision, vestibular system
Which nerve supplies the cerebellum with info about balance?
8th cranial nerve
Vestibular system consists of which nerve?
8th cranial nerve
Which structure supplies the cerebellum with visual info?
superior colliculus
Info from cerebellum gets sent to which structure? and then goes to which structure?
thalamus then overlying cortex
Which part of the cerebellum calculates movement?
cerebellar cortex
what are the deep cerebellar nuclei?
denate gyrus and fastigial nucleus
What are teh three parts of the cerebellum
vestibulocerebellu, spinocerebellum, cerebrocerebellum
The lateral cerebellar hemisphere is divided by which central ridge?
vermis
the axial skeleton is coordinated by which part of the cerebellum?
medial portio of the cerebellum
the appendicular skeleton is coordinated by which part of the cerebellum?
lateral portion
the vestibulocerebellum does what?
coordinates balance of axial skeleton and controls eye movements
which part of the cerebellum extends underneath the cerebellar cortex and emerges at the bottom?
vestibulocerebellum
the spinocerebellum receieves alot of info from what?
spinal proprioceptors
limb coordination and muscle tone of the appendicular skeleton is controlled by which part of the cerebellum?
spinocerebellum
which part of the cerebellum is in charge of planned and learned action?
cerebrocerebellum
frontal cortex sends input to which part of the cerebellum
cerebrocerebellum
is proprioception info ipsilateral or contralateral?
ipsilateral
in axial motor pathways, where does the crossing occur?
at the pyramidal tract
IN the axial skeleton, info travels (crosses over) from _____ to ___
cerebellum to motor cortex
Explain the appendicular skeleton movement pathway
precentral gyrus -> internal capsule -> cerebral peduncles -> pons -> croses over via corticospinal tract -> ipsilateral cerebellum ->dentate nucleus of cerebellum -> crosses over via superiror cerebrellar peduncle -> red nucleus of brainstem -> thalamus -> contralateral cortex ->brainstem ->suscles contract
where does the axon first synapse in the movement pathway for the appendicular skeleton?
pons
where is the internal capsule located?
btw the thalamus and basal nuclei
ipsilateral or contralateraL? cerebellum-body
ipsilateral
ipsilateral or contralateraL? cerebellum-brain
contralateral
ipsilateral or contralateraL? brain-body
contralateral
Axial skeleton movement occurs in which part of cerebellum
medial part, specifically vermis
cerebellum is susceptible to what substance?
organic solvents
medial cerebellum ataxia affects what?
balance
lateral cerebellum ataxia causes what?
intention tremor
intention tremor affects which part of the cerebellum
lateral cerbellum, specifically the spinocerbellum and the cerebrocerebellum
A person with intention tremor cant control their ___ or _____
trajectory or endpoint
Intent tremor is ipsilateral or contralateral to cerbellar hemisphere affected?
ipsilateral
is cerebllum circuity ipsilateral or contralateral?
ipsilateral
a lesion above the decussation of the superior cerebellar peduncle -> contralateral or ipsilateral motor deficits?
contralateral
a lesion below the decussation of the superior cerebellar peduncle -> contralateral or ipsilateral motor deficits?
ipsilateral
How many inputs does a cerebellum need to make a motor plan?
2 out of 3
What test do physiotherapists use when a patient displays intense swaying?
romberg test
If sway increases in a romberg test what can be concluded?
problem with vestibular or propreoception input
If sway stays the same in a romberg test what can be concluded?
problem with cerebellum itself
what structure has degenerated in parkinsons disease?
substantia nigra
Parkinson disease involves which symptoms?
tremor
What pathology involves trouble starting and stopping a motor movement?
parkinsons disease
optic nerve projects where
visual cortex via thalamus and superior colliculus
what does the terminal nerve do? is it sensory, motor, both? What number?
phermones, sensory, 0
what does the olfactory nerve do? is it sensory, motor, both?What number?
smell, sensory, 1
what does the optic nerve do? is it sensory, motor, both?What number?
vision, sensory, 2
what does the oculomotor nerve do? is it sensory, motor, both?What number?
eye muscle, motor, 3
what does the trochlear nerve do? is it sensory, motor, both?What number?
eye muscle, motor, 4
what does the trigeminal nerve do? is it sensory, motor, both? What number?
chewing muscles; face, neck, meninges sensations, both, 5
what does the abducens nerve do? is it sensory, motor, both? What number?
eye muscle, motor, 6
what does the facial nerve do? is it sensory, motor, both? What number?
taste + muscles for facial expression, both, 7
what does the vestibulocochlear nerve do? is it sensory, motor, both? What number?
balance+ hearing, sensory, 8
what does the glossophayrngeal nerve do? is it sensory, motor, both? What number?
muscles for swallowing + taste, both, 9
what does the vagus nerve do? is it sensory, motor, both? What number?
controls AN function to internal organs, both, 10
what does the accesory nerve do? is it sensory, motor, both? What number?
muscles for head movements, motor, 11
what does the hypoglossal nerve do? is it sensory, motor, both? What number?
tongue muscles, motor,12
