CNS 1 - Meninges, blood supply, CSF Flashcards
1
Q
The CNS is contained with which cavity?
A
Dorsal body cavity
2
Q
Which two cavities make up the dorsal body cavity?
A
cranial and spinal cavity
3
Q
Nerves outside _____ + ____ = PNS
A
Skull + vertebral column
4
Q
Afferents are: ____ info from __ -> ____
A
Sensory, body, CNS
5
Q
Efferents are: _____ info from ____ -> ___
A
Motor, CNS, body
6
Q
Hole at bottom of skull is called?
A
foramen magnum
7
Q
Holes between vertebrae are called?
A
intervertebral foramina
8
Q
Nerves that exist through the bottom of the skull are called?
A
Cranial nerves
9
Q
Nerves that exist through the holes between the vertebrae are called?
A
spinal nerves
10
Q
CNS+PNS are made of which 2 major cell types?
A
Neurons and glial cells
11
Q
Neuronal cells are ____ cells
A
signalling cells
12
Q
Glial cells are ____ cells
A
supporting cells
13
Q
Are there more glial cells or neuronal cells? By how much?
A
There are 4x more glial cells than neuronal cells
14
Q
Grey matter is where ___ __ ___ are located
A
Neuronal cell bodies
15
Q
White matter is where ____ ____ are located
A
Neuronal axons
16
Q
Which cells produce CSF?
A
Ependymal cells
17
Q
Are ependymal cells glial cells or neuronal cells?
A
Glial cells
18
Q
Classify ependymal cells
A
Ciliated simple cuboidal cells
19
Q
Where can ependymal cells be found?
A
Ependymal cells can be found in ventricles
20
Q
Ventricles contain what?
A
Ventricles contain CSF, which is why ependymal cells are located here - they produce the csf
21
Q
What is CSF?
A
Plasma of blood, but with few cells
22
Q
How many cells does the CSF contain?
A
CSF contains v few cells
23
Q
Ependyma cells form a barrier between what?
A
Ependymal cells form a barrier between the CSF and the brain
24
Q
What cells form the blood brain barrier?
A
astrocytes
25
Astrocytes make contact with what?
Astrocytes make contact with blood vessels
26
What are astrocytes main function?
Astrocytes main function is to prevent things from poisoning neurons
27
How do you trick astrocytes?
You dissolve things in the membrane, which easily gets across the BBB and therefore affects neurons
28
Which two cells form a barrier?
Ependymal cells and astrocytes
29
What is the purpose of the barrier?
keeps out ions and protect neurons
30
What are the five CNS cell types?
Ependymal cells, astrocytes, neurons, microglial cells, oliogodendrocytes
31
What is the purpose of microglial cells?
Provide immune system for the brain bc immune cells cant enter the brain bc of BBB
32
Can immune cells enter the brain?
no
33
Oligodendrocytes produce what?
myelin
34
What is the ratio between oligodendrocytes and axons?
One oligodendrocytes for multiple axons
35
What are the three types of PNS cells
Myelinated neurons, schwann cells, T-cells/macrophage
36
skin -> _____ ____ -> integrated into _____ matter of spinal cord -> ___ send signals to _____ or ____ muscle
sensory afferents, grey, efferent, skeletal or smooth
37
Schwann cells are what type of cell
glial cells
38
Where are schwann cells located?
Schwann cells sit on internodes
39
What is the ratio between schwann cells and axons?
one schwann cell for one axon
40
Which cells fight infections in the PNS?
t-cells and macrophages
41
Which cells fight infections in the CNS?
microglial cells
42
Is regeneration faster in CNS or PNS?
PNS
43
What do CNS glial cells do in terms of axon growth?
CNS Glial cells inhibit axon growth
44
Define postmitotic
Inability to go through mitosis after maturation
45
Which cells are postmitotic?
CNS neurons are postmitotic
46
PNS neurons regrow at a speed of ___?
1mm/day
47
PNS glial cells produce _______ that ______-
growth factors that promote regeneration
48
What do macrophages do in terms of PNS regeneration?
Macrophages remove debris (i.e. dead and dying cells are removed
49
What is a collateral axon?
an axon branch off the main axon
50
PNS neurons can either ______ or sprout ______ from adjacent axons
regrow or sprout collaterals from adjacent axons
51
Bony protection of CNS consists of? This bony protection is contained within which cavity?
skull + vertebral column; dorsal body cavity
52
Cerebral cortex is the ____ _____ layer of ___ matter
superficial outer layer of grey matter
53
Cerebral cortex lies on top of _____ _____
Cerebral hemispheres
54
Cerebral cortex is responsible for what?
Thinking, voluntary movements, memory, storage, & sensory perception (TV makes me smart & stuPid)
55
Diencephalon is located where?
Deep within grey matter of brain, and on top of brainstem
56
Diencephalon controls which NS?
ANS
57
Information is relayed to which part of the CNS before it goes to the cerebral cortex?
Diencephalon
58
Diencephalon is considered the ___/____ ____ center
sensory/motor relay center
59
What are the three parts of the brain stem?
midbrain, pons, medula
60
The cranial nerve nuclei are located where?
In the three parts of the brain stem
61
What is in the brain stem?
cranial nerve nuclei
62
what function does the brain stem generate?
head and neck function
63
What part of the CNS generates head and neck function?
Brainstem
64
Where is the cerebellum located?
Behind the pons
65
Which part of the CNS coordinates movement?
Cerebellum
66
What does the Cerebellum do?
coordinate movement
67
Where is the spinal cord located?
beneath the medulla
68
Where does the spinal cord project to?
spinal column
69
Spinal cord consists of what matter?
grey and white matter
70
Reflexes are associated with which part of the CNS?
spinal cord
71
The meninges are made up of what type of tissue?
connextive tissue
72
What are the three maters of the meninges?
Dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater
73
Dura mater is attached to what?
skull
74
Pia mater is attached to what?
brain
75
Which mater covers the cerebral vessels?
Pia mater
76
Why is it called arachnoid mater?
because of the spider-web processes that extend into the pia mater
77
Arachnoid mater lines what?
the inner dura surface
78
The faux cerebri consists of which 3 maters?
Arachnoid mater, dura mater, arachnoid mater
79
What is found between the skull and dura mater?
meningeal veins, arteries, and nerves
80
Cerebral vessels receive their blood from which artery?
internal coratid artery
81
Dural extensions are made of what type of tissue?
connective tissue
82
Which dural extension divides the cerebral hemispheres?
faux cerebri
83
What type of division is made by the faux cerebri?
longitudinal division
84
What type of sectioning is made by the faux cerebri?
Midsagittal sections
85
What are the two dural extensions?
faux cerebri and tentorium cerebelli
86
Which dural extension separates the cerebllum from the cerebrum?
tentorium cerebelli
87
The tentorium cerebelli separates what parts of the CNS?
cerebrum from cerebellum
88
Space occupying lesion is when
the brain is pushed out of its compartment
89
What is a herniation
When brain is forced from one compartment to another
90
When does coning occur?
When you loose pressure inside the skull
91
What is coning?
Brainstem hits the bone below
92
Definition of coning?
Herniation through the foramen magnum
93
What is a hematoma
A big blood clot
94
The brainstem hitting the bones below is classified as which two pathologies?
Coning or tentorium herniation
95
Example or herniation involving the cerebrum and cerebellum?
Part of cerebral hemisphere goes through tentorium notch into an area occupied by cerebellum
96
Which artery supplies the meningeal vessels?
External Coratid artery
97
What supplies the cerebral vessels?
The internal coratid arteries
98
What are you irritating when you have a headache?
Meningeal nerves
99
Pain is signalled when meningeal blood vessels ______\
Pulsate
100
Meningeal nerve is supplied by which nerve
Trigeminal nerve
101
Trigeminal nerve supplies which nerves
Meningeal nerves
102
What are the three divisions of three trigeminal nerve
MOM - maxillary division (top of teeth); ophthalmic division; mandibular division (bottom of teeth)
103
Trigeminal nerve signals pain in two parts? List them
Palette and temporal mandibular joint of jaw
104
Explain brain freeze
When you eat something cold you freeze the maxillary division (ie the underside of palette). The trigeminal nerve carries this info to the brain, but brain gets confused and thinks it’d be meninges that is hurting bc trigeminal nerve connects to the meningeal nerves as well. Therefore a brain freeze is referred pain from the maxillary portion of the trigeminal nerve.
105
Where is the subarachnoid space?
Between arachnoid mater and pia mater
106
The subarachnoid space is also called the ___? 🕸
Spider web space
107
What is contained in the subarachnoid space?
CSF
108
Cerebral veins empty blood from the brain into ____?
Sinuses!
109
Blood gets from brain through CSF space and into the sinus using ___?
Bridging veins
110
How is the scalp drained?
Bridging veins !
111
Bridging veins draining the scalp have to traverse the ____?
Skull
112
subarachnoid space CSF drains into?
Superior Sagittarius sinus
113
CSF is produced where?
Lateral third and forth ventricles
114
A bunch of ependymal cells are called?
Choroid plexus
115
Are Ct scans caudocranial or craniocaudal?
Caudocranial
116
Hematoma is caused by rupturing of _______ or ______?
Menigeal vessels or bridging veins
117
Epidural hematoma are between what?
Dura and skull
118
What causes an epidural hematoma?
Blunt force
119
The rupturing of ____ causes an epidural hematoma
Meningeal vessels
120
An epidural hematoma causes a _________ mass
Lenticular (lens lookin ass)
121
Where is a subdural hematoma located?
btw arachnoid and dura mater
122
What causes a subdural hematoma?
Whiplash, shaken baby syndrome, elder brain shrinking causing friction and rupture of bridging veins
123
The rupturing of ____ causes an subdural hematoma in the ______ space
rupture of bridging veins in subdural space
124
describe the visuals of a subdural hematoma
more diffused, blood clot has spread all over the brain surface
125
Subdural hematoma has blood in the ____ but also the ________
Btw arachnoid and dura; but also in the CSF (i.e. the subarachnoid space bc arachnoid is so thin)
126
Falling off a bicycle will likely lead to a ___ hematoma
epidural
127
Getting into an auto accident will likely lead to a ____ hematoma
subdural
128
Blood in the csf is indicative of which hematoma?
subdural and subarachnoid
129
Subarachnoid hematoma involves the rupturing of ____?
cerebral artery
130
What ruptures in which hematoma?
epidural -> meningeal vessels; subdural -> bridging veins; subarachnoid -> cerebral artery
131
An aneurysm is associated with which hematoma?
subarachnoid
132
When an aneurysm pops where does the blood accumulate?
base of brain and in the csf
133
What is an aneurysm?
weakening/bubbles in the walls of blood vessels
134
what mater protects the spinal cord?
dura arachnoid and pia
135
What is the difference between the spinal cord and the brain in terms of the meninges?
spinal cord has epidural fat space
136
What does the epidural fat space do?
cushions the spinal cord, and allows vertebrae to bend
137
Where is the epidural fat space located?
between the dura and periosteum of the bone (spinal cord
138
Brain is formed in what shape during development?
tube
139
The top surface of the embryo is called?
epiderm
140
The tube formed when youre an embryo is called
neural tube
141
This neural tube (when youre an embryo) eventually forms what?
ventricular system
142
Ventricular system is continuous with what?
the central canal of the spinal cord
143
how many lateral ventricles are there?
2 (1&2; NOTT L&R)
144
The lateral ventricle connects to the 3rd ventricle via what?
canal interventricular formina
145
What connects the 3rd and 4th ventricle?
cerebral aqueduct
146
Where is the cerebral aqueduct located?
midbrain
147
4th ventricle is connected to grey matter of spinal cord via what?
central canal
148
What structure is located in the ventricles that increase SA?
What cells line these structures?
toughs of arteries (i.e. blood vessels), ependymal cells
149
The system that creates the CSF is called?
choroid plexus
150
choroid plexus creates what?
CSF
151
What apparatus allows CSF to leak from inside to outside of brain?
holes in roof and floor of 4th ventricle
152
Brain is floating in what?
CSF
153
How does CSF get from the ventricular system to the subarachnoid space?
Foramina (i.e. holes) in the 4th ventricle
154
What transfers CSF from subarachnoid space to superior sagittal sinus?
arachnoid granulations
155
What do arachnoid granulations do?
transfer CSF from subarachnoid space to superior sagittal sinus
156
What is hydrocephalous?
water on the brain
157
If the lateral and 3rd ventricle are dilated, where is the stenosis?
cerebral acqueduct has stenosis!
158
Stenosis will enlarge structures ______ its location
above
159
Subclavian artery supplies the _____
upper limb
160
Vertebral artery goes through?
vetebrae processes
161
Where does the common coratid split
angle of jaw
162
Which artery supplies the meninges
external coratid
163
The two vertebral arteries coalest to form which artery?
basillar artery
164
The two vertebral arteries go through which hole
foramen magnum
165
Basillar artery gives off which artery
posterior cerebral artery
166
posterior cerebral artery supplies what part of the brain
the underside
167
the underside of the brain is supplied by
the posterior cerebral artery
168
Posterior and coratid arteries are connected by which artery
posterior communicating artery
169
internal coratid artery gives off which artery(s)
middle cerebral and anterior cerebral
170
the medial and lateral brain surfaces are supplied by which artery
anterior cerebral artery
171
anterior communicating connects?
the two coratids
172
the two coratid arteries are connected by?
anterior communicating
173
What are the 6 cerebral arteries supplying the brain?
middle, anterior, posterior (x3)
174
Vertebral artery supplies which arteries
bassilar and posterior
175
internal coratid supplies which arteries
middle and anterior arteries
176
middle and anterior arteries are supplied by which artery?
internal coratid artery
177
what is anastamosis?
fact that occlusion here doesnt have any pathologies
178
Do cerebral arteries have anastamosis?
NOPE
179
Deep grey matter is supplied by which arteries?
deep branches of alll three cerebral arteries
180
The thalamus, basal ganglia, limbic system is supplied by which arteries?
all 3 cerebral arteries?
181
Frontal and parietal lobe supplied by which artery?
anterior cerebral artery
182
Occipital lobe supplied by which artery?
posterior
183
Cortex supplied by which artery?
medial cerebral artery
184
temporal lobe supplied by which artery?
medial cerebral artery
185
jugular vein is located where?
beside the internal coradid
186
Blood ffom sinus drain into which vein?
internal jugular vein
187
tentorium cerebelli contains which sinus
transverse sinus
188
What happens in an ischemic stroke?
blood clot gets stuck -> brain recieves no glucose or O2 -> death of grey and white matter
189
What happens in a hemorrahage stroke?
BV breaks and blood leaks into brain tissue -> clot happens
190
Bloo leaking into brain tissue is called what?
intracerebral/subpial hematoma
191
The brain recieves blood from which two arteries of the aorta?
vertebral and internal carotid
192
Which artery supplies the anterior and middle cerebral artery
internal coratid artery
193
Which arteries form the basilar artery?
The two vertebral arteries
194
what is a tentorium herniation?
brainstem hitting the bones below
195
For procedural memory, where does info go after thalamus?
premotor cortex
196
primary motor cortex is located where?
in the precentral gyrus, in the frontal lobe
197
lateral part of cerebellum is responsible for what?
finer motor movements, holding glass of water
198
medial part of cerebellum is responsible for what?
proprioception and balance
