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anatomy > CNS 1 - Meninges, blood supply, CSF > Flashcards

CNS 1 - Meninges, blood supply, CSF Flashcards

1
Q

The CNS is contained with which cavity?

A

Dorsal body cavity

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2
Q

Which two cavities make up the dorsal body cavity?

A

cranial and spinal cavity

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3
Q

Nerves outside _____ + ____ = PNS

A

Skull + vertebral column

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4
Q

Afferents are: ____ info from __ -> ____

A

Sensory, body, CNS

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5
Q

Efferents are: _____ info from ____ -> ___

A

Motor, CNS, body

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6
Q

Hole at bottom of skull is called?

A

foramen magnum

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7
Q

Holes between vertebrae are called?

A

intervertebral foramina

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8
Q

Nerves that exist through the bottom of the skull are called?

A

Cranial nerves

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9
Q

Nerves that exist through the holes between the vertebrae are called?

A

spinal nerves

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10
Q

CNS+PNS are made of which 2 major cell types?

A

Neurons and glial cells

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11
Q

Neuronal cells are ____ cells

A

signalling cells

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12
Q

Glial cells are ____ cells

A

supporting cells

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13
Q

Are there more glial cells or neuronal cells? By how much?

A

There are 4x more glial cells than neuronal cells

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14
Q

Grey matter is where ___ __ ___ are located

A

Neuronal cell bodies

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15
Q

White matter is where ____ ____ are located

A

Neuronal axons

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16
Q

Which cells produce CSF?

A

Ependymal cells

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17
Q

Are ependymal cells glial cells or neuronal cells?

A

Glial cells

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18
Q

Classify ependymal cells

A

Ciliated simple cuboidal cells

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19
Q

Where can ependymal cells be found?

A

Ependymal cells can be found in ventricles

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20
Q

Ventricles contain what?

A

Ventricles contain CSF, which is why ependymal cells are located here - they produce the csf

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21
Q

What is CSF?

A

Plasma of blood, but with few cells

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22
Q

How many cells does the CSF contain?

A

CSF contains v few cells

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23
Q

Ependyma cells form a barrier between what?

A

Ependymal cells form a barrier between the CSF and the brain

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24
Q

What cells form the blood brain barrier?

A

astrocytes

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25
Q

Astrocytes make contact with what?

A

Astrocytes make contact with blood vessels

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26
Q

What are astrocytes main function?

A

Astrocytes main function is to prevent things from poisoning neurons

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27
Q

How do you trick astrocytes?

A

You dissolve things in the membrane, which easily gets across the BBB and therefore affects neurons

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28
Q

Which two cells form a barrier?

A

Ependymal cells and astrocytes

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29
Q

What is the purpose of the barrier?

A

keeps out ions and protect neurons

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30
Q

What are the five CNS cell types?

A

Ependymal cells, astrocytes, neurons, microglial cells, oliogodendrocytes

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31
Q

What is the purpose of microglial cells?

A

Provide immune system for the brain bc immune cells cant enter the brain bc of BBB

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32
Q

Can immune cells enter the brain?

A

no

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33
Q

Oligodendrocytes produce what?

A

myelin

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34
Q

What is the ratio between oligodendrocytes and axons?

A

One oligodendrocytes for multiple axons

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35
Q

What are the three types of PNS cells

A

Myelinated neurons, schwann cells, T-cells/macrophage

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36
Q

skin -> _____ ____ -> integrated into _____ matter of spinal cord -> ___ send signals to _____ or ____ muscle

A

sensory afferents, grey, efferent, skeletal or smooth

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37
Q

Schwann cells are what type of cell

A

glial cells

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38
Q

Where are schwann cells located?

A

Schwann cells sit on internodes

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39
Q

What is the ratio between schwann cells and axons?

A

one schwann cell for one axon

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40
Q

Which cells fight infections in the PNS?

A

t-cells and macrophages

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41
Q

Which cells fight infections in the CNS?

A

microglial cells

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42
Q

Is regeneration faster in CNS or PNS?

A

PNS

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43
Q

What do CNS glial cells do in terms of axon growth?

A

CNS Glial cells inhibit axon growth

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44
Q

Define postmitotic

A

Inability to go through mitosis after maturation

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45
Q

Which cells are postmitotic?

A

CNS neurons are postmitotic

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46
Q

PNS neurons regrow at a speed of ___?

A

1mm/day

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47
Q

PNS glial cells produce _______ that ______-

A

growth factors that promote regeneration

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48
Q

What do macrophages do in terms of PNS regeneration?

A

Macrophages remove debris (i.e. dead and dying cells are removed

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49
Q

What is a collateral axon?

A

an axon branch off the main axon

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50
Q

PNS neurons can either ______ or sprout ______ from adjacent axons

A

regrow or sprout collaterals from adjacent axons

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51
Q

Bony protection of CNS consists of? This bony protection is contained within which cavity?

A

skull + vertebral column; dorsal body cavity

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52
Q

Cerebral cortex is the ____ _____ layer of ___ matter

A

superficial outer layer of grey matter

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53
Q

Cerebral cortex lies on top of _____ _____

A

Cerebral hemispheres

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54
Q

Cerebral cortex is responsible for what?

A

Thinking, voluntary movements, memory, storage, & sensory perception (TV makes me smart & stuPid)

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55
Q

Diencephalon is located where?

A

Deep within grey matter of brain, and on top of brainstem

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56
Q

Diencephalon controls which NS?

A

ANS

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57
Q

Information is relayed to which part of the CNS before it goes to the cerebral cortex?

A

Diencephalon

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58
Q

Diencephalon is considered the ___/____ ____ center

A

sensory/motor relay center

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59
Q

What are the three parts of the brain stem?

A

midbrain, pons, medula

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60
Q

The cranial nerve nuclei are located where?

A

In the three parts of the brain stem

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61
Q

What is in the brain stem?

A

cranial nerve nuclei

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62
Q

what function does the brain stem generate?

A

head and neck function

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63
Q

What part of the CNS generates head and neck function?

A

Brainstem

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64
Q

Where is the cerebellum located?

A

Behind the pons

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65
Q

Which part of the CNS coordinates movement?

A

Cerebellum

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66
Q

What does the Cerebellum do?

A

coordinate movement

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67
Q

Where is the spinal cord located?

A

beneath the medulla

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68
Q

Where does the spinal cord project to?

A

spinal column

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69
Q

Spinal cord consists of what matter?

A

grey and white matter

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70
Q

Reflexes are associated with which part of the CNS?

A

spinal cord

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71
Q

The meninges are made up of what type of tissue?

A

connextive tissue

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72
Q

What are the three maters of the meninges?

A

Dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater

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73
Q

Dura mater is attached to what?

A

skull

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74
Q

Pia mater is attached to what?

A

brain

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75
Q

Which mater covers the cerebral vessels?

A

Pia mater

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76
Q

Why is it called arachnoid mater?

A

because of the spider-web processes that extend into the pia mater

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77
Q

Arachnoid mater lines what?

A

the inner dura surface

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78
Q

The faux cerebri consists of which 3 maters?

A

Arachnoid mater, dura mater, arachnoid mater

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79
Q

What is found between the skull and dura mater?

A

meningeal veins, arteries, and nerves

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80
Q

Cerebral vessels receive their blood from which artery?

A

internal coratid artery

81
Q

Dural extensions are made of what type of tissue?

A

connective tissue

82
Q

Which dural extension divides the cerebral hemispheres?

A

faux cerebri

83
Q

What type of division is made by the faux cerebri?

A

longitudinal division

84
Q

What type of sectioning is made by the faux cerebri?

A

Midsagittal sections

85
Q

What are the two dural extensions?

A

faux cerebri and tentorium cerebelli

86
Q

Which dural extension separates the cerebllum from the cerebrum?

A

tentorium cerebelli

87
Q

The tentorium cerebelli separates what parts of the CNS?

A

cerebrum from cerebellum

88
Q

Space occupying lesion is when

A

the brain is pushed out of its compartment

89
Q

What is a herniation

A

When brain is forced from one compartment to another

90
Q

When does coning occur?

A

When you loose pressure inside the skull

91
Q

What is coning?

A

Brainstem hits the bone below

92
Q

Definition of coning?

A

Herniation through the foramen magnum

93
Q

What is a hematoma

A

A big blood clot

94
Q

The brainstem hitting the bones below is classified as which two pathologies?

A

Coning or tentorium herniation

95
Q

Example or herniation involving the cerebrum and cerebellum?

A

Part of cerebral hemisphere goes through tentorium notch into an area occupied by cerebellum

96
Q

Which artery supplies the meningeal vessels?

A

External Coratid artery

97
Q

What supplies the cerebral vessels?

A

The internal coratid arteries

98
Q

What are you irritating when you have a headache?

A

Meningeal nerves

99
Q

Pain is signalled when meningeal blood vessels ______\

A

Pulsate

100
Q

Meningeal nerve is supplied by which nerve

A

Trigeminal nerve

101
Q

Trigeminal nerve supplies which nerves

A

Meningeal nerves

102
Q

What are the three divisions of three trigeminal nerve

A

MOM - maxillary division (top of teeth); ophthalmic division; mandibular division (bottom of teeth)

103
Q

Trigeminal nerve signals pain in two parts? List them

A

Palette and temporal mandibular joint of jaw

104
Q

Explain brain freeze

A

When you eat something cold you freeze the maxillary division (ie the underside of palette). The trigeminal nerve carries this info to the brain, but brain gets confused and thinks it’d be meninges that is hurting bc trigeminal nerve connects to the meningeal nerves as well. Therefore a brain freeze is referred pain from the maxillary portion of the trigeminal nerve.

105
Q

Where is the subarachnoid space?

A

Between arachnoid mater and pia mater

106
Q

The subarachnoid space is also called the ___? 🕸

A

Spider web space

107
Q

What is contained in the subarachnoid space?

A

CSF

108
Q

Cerebral veins empty blood from the brain into ____?

A

Sinuses!

109
Q

Blood gets from brain through CSF space and into the sinus using ___?

A

Bridging veins

110
Q

How is the scalp drained?

A

Bridging veins !

111
Q

Bridging veins draining the scalp have to traverse the ____?

A

Skull

112
Q

subarachnoid space CSF drains into?

A

Superior Sagittarius sinus

113
Q

CSF is produced where?

A

Lateral third and forth ventricles

114
Q

A bunch of ependymal cells are called?

A

Choroid plexus

115
Q

Are Ct scans caudocranial or craniocaudal?

A

Caudocranial

116
Q

Hematoma is caused by rupturing of _______ or ______?

A

Menigeal vessels or bridging veins

117
Q

Epidural hematoma are between what?

A

Dura and skull

118
Q

What causes an epidural hematoma?

A

Blunt force

119
Q

The rupturing of ____ causes an epidural hematoma

A

Meningeal vessels

120
Q

An epidural hematoma causes a _________ mass

A

Lenticular (lens lookin ass)

121
Q

Where is a subdural hematoma located?

A

btw arachnoid and dura mater

122
Q

What causes a subdural hematoma?

A

Whiplash, shaken baby syndrome, elder brain shrinking causing friction and rupture of bridging veins

123
Q

The rupturing of ____ causes an subdural hematoma in the ______ space

A

rupture of bridging veins in subdural space

124
Q

describe the visuals of a subdural hematoma

A

more diffused, blood clot has spread all over the brain surface

125
Q

Subdural hematoma has blood in the ____ but also the ________

A

Btw arachnoid and dura; but also in the CSF (i.e. the subarachnoid space bc arachnoid is so thin)

126
Q

Falling off a bicycle will likely lead to a ___ hematoma

A

epidural

127
Q

Getting into an auto accident will likely lead to a ____ hematoma

A

subdural

128
Q

Blood in the csf is indicative of which hematoma?

A

subdural and subarachnoid

129
Q

Subarachnoid hematoma involves the rupturing of ____?

A

cerebral artery

130
Q

What ruptures in which hematoma?

A

epidural -> meningeal vessels; subdural -> bridging veins; subarachnoid -> cerebral artery

131
Q

An aneurysm is associated with which hematoma?

A

subarachnoid

132
Q

When an aneurysm pops where does the blood accumulate?

A

base of brain and in the csf

133
Q

What is an aneurysm?

A

weakening/bubbles in the walls of blood vessels

134
Q

what mater protects the spinal cord?

A

dura arachnoid and pia

135
Q

What is the difference between the spinal cord and the brain in terms of the meninges?

A

spinal cord has epidural fat space

136
Q

What does the epidural fat space do?

A

cushions the spinal cord, and allows vertebrae to bend

137
Q

Where is the epidural fat space located?

A

between the dura and periosteum of the bone (spinal cord

138
Q

Brain is formed in what shape during development?

A

tube

139
Q

The top surface of the embryo is called?

A

epiderm

140
Q

The tube formed when youre an embryo is called

A

neural tube

141
Q

This neural tube (when youre an embryo) eventually forms what?

A

ventricular system

142
Q

Ventricular system is continuous with what?

A

the central canal of the spinal cord

143
Q

how many lateral ventricles are there?

A

2 (1&2; NOTT L&R)

144
Q

The lateral ventricle connects to the 3rd ventricle via what?

A

canal interventricular formina

145
Q

What connects the 3rd and 4th ventricle?

A

cerebral aqueduct

146
Q

Where is the cerebral aqueduct located?

A

midbrain

147
Q

4th ventricle is connected to grey matter of spinal cord via what?

A

central canal

148
Q

What structure is located in the ventricles that increase SA?

What cells line these structures?

A

toughs of arteries (i.e. blood vessels), ependymal cells

149
Q

The system that creates the CSF is called?

A

choroid plexus

150
Q

choroid plexus creates what?

A

CSF

151
Q

What apparatus allows CSF to leak from inside to outside of brain?

A

holes in roof and floor of 4th ventricle

152
Q

Brain is floating in what?

A

CSF

153
Q

How does CSF get from the ventricular system to the subarachnoid space?

A

Foramina (i.e. holes) in the 4th ventricle

154
Q

What transfers CSF from subarachnoid space to superior sagittal sinus?

A

arachnoid granulations

155
Q

What do arachnoid granulations do?

A

transfer CSF from subarachnoid space to superior sagittal sinus

156
Q

What is hydrocephalous?

A

water on the brain

157
Q

If the lateral and 3rd ventricle are dilated, where is the stenosis?

A

cerebral acqueduct has stenosis!

158
Q

Stenosis will enlarge structures ______ its location

A

above

159
Q

Subclavian artery supplies the _____

A

upper limb

160
Q

Vertebral artery goes through?

A

vetebrae processes

161
Q

Where does the common coratid split

A

angle of jaw

162
Q

Which artery supplies the meninges

A

external coratid

163
Q

The two vertebral arteries coalest to form which artery?

A

basillar artery

164
Q

The two vertebral arteries go through which hole

A

foramen magnum

165
Q

Basillar artery gives off which artery

A

posterior cerebral artery

166
Q

posterior cerebral artery supplies what part of the brain

A

the underside

167
Q

the underside of the brain is supplied by

A

the posterior cerebral artery

168
Q

Posterior and coratid arteries are connected by which artery

A

posterior communicating artery

169
Q

internal coratid artery gives off which artery(s)

A

middle cerebral and anterior cerebral

170
Q

the medial and lateral brain surfaces are supplied by which artery

A

anterior cerebral artery

171
Q

anterior communicating connects?

A

the two coratids

172
Q

the two coratid arteries are connected by?

A

anterior communicating

173
Q

What are the 6 cerebral arteries supplying the brain?

A

middle, anterior, posterior (x3)

174
Q

Vertebral artery supplies which arteries

A

bassilar and posterior

175
Q

internal coratid supplies which arteries

A

middle and anterior arteries

176
Q

middle and anterior arteries are supplied by which artery?

A

internal coratid artery

177
Q

what is anastamosis?

A

fact that occlusion here doesnt have any pathologies

178
Q

Do cerebral arteries have anastamosis?

A

NOPE

179
Q

Deep grey matter is supplied by which arteries?

A

deep branches of alll three cerebral arteries

180
Q

The thalamus, basal ganglia, limbic system is supplied by which arteries?

A

all 3 cerebral arteries?

181
Q

Frontal and parietal lobe supplied by which artery?

A

anterior cerebral artery

182
Q

Occipital lobe supplied by which artery?

A

posterior

183
Q

Cortex supplied by which artery?

A

medial cerebral artery

184
Q

temporal lobe supplied by which artery?

A

medial cerebral artery

185
Q

jugular vein is located where?

A

beside the internal coradid

186
Q

Blood ffom sinus drain into which vein?

A

internal jugular vein

187
Q

tentorium cerebelli contains which sinus

A

transverse sinus

188
Q

What happens in an ischemic stroke?

A

blood clot gets stuck -> brain recieves no glucose or O2 -> death of grey and white matter

189
Q

What happens in a hemorrahage stroke?

A

BV breaks and blood leaks into brain tissue -> clot happens

190
Q

Bloo leaking into brain tissue is called what?

A

intracerebral/subpial hematoma

191
Q

The brain recieves blood from which two arteries of the aorta?

A

vertebral and internal carotid

192
Q

Which artery supplies the anterior and middle cerebral artery

A

internal coratid artery

193
Q

Which arteries form the basilar artery?

A

The two vertebral arteries

194
Q

what is a tentorium herniation?

A

brainstem hitting the bones below

195
Q

For procedural memory, where does info go after thalamus?

A

premotor cortex

196
Q

primary motor cortex is located where?

A

in the precentral gyrus, in the frontal lobe

197
Q

lateral part of cerebellum is responsible for what?

A

finer motor movements, holding glass of water

198
Q

medial part of cerebellum is responsible for what?

A

proprioception and balance

anatomy (12 decks)

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