CNS 2 - cortex, deep nuclei, cerebrum Flashcards
How is white and grey matter arranged in brain?
grey on outside, white on inside
How is white and grey matter arranged in Spinal cord?
grey on inside, white on outside
descending tracts of the CNS arise where?
cerebral cortex?
descending tracts are responsible for what info?
motor
descending tracts synapse where?
central horn of spinal cord
cerebral deep grey matter consists of ____ and _____
thalamus and basal ganglia
Why is ganglia an incorrect name for basal ganglia?
ganglia is a term for outside the CNS
basal ganglia is correctly termed?
basal nuceli
Neuronal cell bodies make up _____ matter
grey
A deep groove of the grey matter is called?
deep fissure
what is a deep fissure
deep groove of brain
What fissure divides brain into L & R?
longitudinal fissure
The longitudinal fissure divides the brain into?
L & R
Which fissure separates the parietal and frontal lobe from the temporal lobe?
lateral (slyvian) fissure
Lateral (sylvian) fissure separates what?
parietal and frontal lobe from temporal lobe
where is lateral (sylvian) fissure located?
side of brain
shallow grooves are called?
sulci
What are sulci?
grooves that divide the brain, but not as deep
Central sulcus divides the brain intO?
anterior motor and posterior sensory halves
the anterior motor and posterior sensory halves are divide by the
central sulcus
primary motor cortex is called
precentral gyrus
precentral gyrus is also termed
primary motor cortex
primary sensory cortex is called
postcentral gyrus
postcentral gyrus is also called
primary sensory cortex
primary motor cortex is _____ to the central sulcus
anterior
primary sensory cortex is _____ to the central sulcus
posterior
ridge of grey matter is composed of?
primary motor and sensory cortex
what is gyri
bump on either side of sulci/fissure
the bump on either side of sulci/fissure is called?
gyri
What are the working units of the cerebral cortex?
cortical columns
What are cortical columns
working unit of the cerebral cortex
when can we see ocular dominance columns?
when one eye is closed, metabolic activity is increased and you can see columnar organization
what are the functions of the temporal lobe?
hearing, auditory, language, speech
what are the functions of the occipital lobe?
visual cortex
what are the functions of the parietal lobe?
somatosensory (touch, pressure, temp, pain), association of senses
somatosensory of the parietal lobe consists of which senses?
touch, pressure, temp, pain
what are the functions of the frontal lobe?
association cortex, emotions, intellect, planning of motor movements, personality, reasoning, problem solving
motor movement is controlled/planned by which lobe?
frontal lobe
Where is the frontal eye field located?
above brocas area, in the frontal lobe
which lobe coordinates L and R eye movement
frontal lobe
Which area contains our dictionary (i.e. what words mean?)
wernickes area
Where is wernickes area located?
next to auditory cortex, temporal lobe
Why is wernickes area located where it is?
next to audtiory cortex so when you hear something wernicke’s area immediately extracts info
Which area is responsible for producing speech
brocas area
what does brocas area do
produce speech
where is brocas area?
adjacent to primary motor cortex
why is brocas area located where it is?
adjacent to primary motor cortex so it can control mouth and tongue movement, frontal lobe
Which artery supplies wernickes area?
middle cerebral artery
Which artery supplies broca area?
middle cerebral artery
Language and speech is located on which side of the brain?
LEFT ONLY
What lies underneath the lateral fissure?
grey matter
where is the insular cortex located?
deep underneath lateral fissure
what is the insular cortex responsible for?
balance
Where is the olfactory cortex? (3 location descriptions)
bottom of frontal lobe, medial surface of temporal lobe, near mammillary bodies
Gustatory cortex is responsible for what?
emotional attachment to food
Which cortex relates taste, temp, and texture?
gustatory cortex
where is the gustatory cortex found?
parietal lobe
Problems producing speech but no difficult understanding is a stroke to which lobe?
frontal
Moodiness, atypical social behaviour, inability to speak is lesion to which lobe?
frontal
Lack of coordination, difficulty discriminating sensory info, cant recognize things is a lesion to which lobe?
parietal lobe lesion
difficulty processing hearing info or recognizing sound patterns, comprehending speech is a lesion in which lobe?
temporal lobe
can speak properly but words dont make sense is a lesion in which lobe?
temporal lobe
synthesia is a lesion in which lobe?
occipital
Where is a somatotopic map located?
precentral and postcentral gyrus (outside, lateral surface of brain)
somatotopic map is which type of matter?
grey
Somatotopic map is which type of sectioning plane?
coronal section
lateral to medial correlates to which homunculus body parts?
head to toe
what is the homunculus
a lil man whose distortions are proportional to the # of neurons that control the body part
Size in homunculus is proportionate to what?
the size of the cortex that controls that body part?
Does trunk have a lot of cortical neurons in comparison to upper/lower limbs?
nope!
What is lateralization?
brain’s preferance for which side of brain is dominant in controlling vision and hand movements
T or F - Brain recieves equal info to both sides of the hemisphere
F - brain recieves more info from one eye/hand over the other
Right side of brain is ____, ____, ____, ___, ___ (Hi, mac!)
holistic, intuitive, creative, artistic, musical
Left side of brain is ___, ____, _____, ____
SMAL - scientific, mathematical, analytic, logical
which imaging device is used to see white matter tracts?
MRI diffusion tensor imaging
MRI diffusion tensor imaging is based on what?
water molecule movement in axons
What are the three types of white matter tracts?
commissural fissures, association fibres, and project fibres
what is an example of a commissural fissure?
corpus callosum
what does the commissural fissure connect?
L&R hemispheres
commissural fissures are what type of matter?
white
what does the association fibres connect?
different lobes within the same hemisphere
What is an example of the association fibre?
fornix
Association fibres allow for integration on the _____ side of brain
same
what do the projection fibres connect?
connect different parts of the cns
What is an example of the projection fibres?
internal capsule
Deep nuclei of the brain connects which two structures?
overlying cortex and spinal cord
Deep nuclei of the brain include which 2 systems?
limbic system and basal nuclei
Limbic system and basal nuclei is formed around where?
basal nuclei and limbic system are formed around ventricles
Deep nuclei is lateral to which structure?
thalamus
Where is the deep nuclei located?
lateral to the thalamus
Thalamus is part of which system?
diencephalon
Thalamus is located where?
opposite sides of 3rd ventricle
Limbic system is located where?
wrapped around inside of ventricle
Basal nuclei is located where?
wrapped around outside of ventricle
Limbic system consists of which nuclei? FAHM
fornix, amygdala, hippocampus, mammilary bodies
Basal nuclei consists of which nuclei? ALC
amygdala, lentiform nuclei, caudate nuclei
Limbic system is wrapped around the ______ horn of the _______ ventricle
inferior, lateral
limbic system sweeps up around the underside of the _____ horn of the _______ ventricle
superior, lateral
Limbic system is located on either side of which structure?
thalamus
mammillary bodies are located where?
near olfactory area and under the 3rd ventricle
smell memories are found wehre?
mammillary bodies
the limbic system is involved in ____ and ______
memory and emotions
What structure connects the hippocampus to the mammillary bodies?
fornix
the fornix connects which two structures?
hippocampus and mammillary bodies
The 4 W’s are processed where?
hippocampus
longterm memory formation occurs wehre?
hippocampus
Hippocampus outputs its info to which structure? via which structure?
cortex, fornix
Shorterm memories are stored where?
hippocampus
Which structure analyzes anger, and fear?
amygdala
Amygdala sends its output to which structure?
hypothalamus
Hypothalamus controls which NS?
ANA
Amygdala analyses what?
anger, fear, assess danger, and elicits fear response
Which structure assess danger?
amygdala
Which structure elicits fear response?
amygdala
Amygdala connects which two structures?
hypothalamus and hippocampus
Hypothalamus and hippocampus is connected by which structure?
amygdala
A lesion to the amygdala causes what?
loss of emotional control, disrupted short-term memory, aggression, apathy
Apathy is a lesion to which structure?
amygdala
Amygdala recieves ________ from the ___ cortex to analyze faces
visual input from the visual cortex
Why do bar fights happen?
alc impairs amygdala, amygdala cant differentiat facial expressions
where is the amygdala located?
on top of hippocampus
why is the amygdala located where it is?
on top of hippocampus bc amygdala is responsible for facial recognition and that involves memory and hippocampus is responsible for memory
hippocampus is responsible for _____ tieline
memory timeline
which three structures are responsible for episodic memory?
HAT -> hippocampus, amygdala, thalamus
Episodic memories are procoessed where?
medial temporal lobe
What is an example of an episodic memory?
event memory
Episodic memories are reinforced by _____-
recall
Semantic memoreis involve which structures?
post central gyrus, neocortex, auditory, somatosensory, visual cortex
what is an example of a semantic memory?
factual memory
Procedural memories involve which two structures?
cerebellum and basal nuclei
What is an example of a procedural memory?
muscle memory
Procedural memories are memorized how?
through seeing them rather than reading
Lesions to the cingulate cortex include”
inappropriate epmotions, lack of fear, hallucinations
cingulate cortex is located where?
above corpus callosum
Cingulae cortex connects with what?
overlying cortex
What info goes into the cingulate cortex?
sensory -> smell, touch, vision
Information from the cingulate cortex goes to which structure?
hippocampus
which structure is responsible for a reality check?
anterior cingulate cortex
Where is the entorhinal cortex located?
lateral to the hippocampus
Entorhinal cortex is in which lobe?
temporal lobe
Entorhinal cortex provides what context to a memory?
spatial
Where is all info consolidated into a unified memory?
hippocampus
Hippocampus sends info to which structure via which structure?
mammillary bodies, via fornix
Mammillary bodies puts what into the memory?
emotional attachment and smell
after the mammillary bodies, where does the mory go to?
anterior thalamic nuclei
Anterior thalamic nuclei does what?
puts special significance on some effents (selective attention)
Memory returns to which structure after the anterior thalamic nuclei?
cingulate gyrus
After the memory returns to the ______ it gets projected to the ________ as a permanent memory
cingulate gyrus, cerebral cortex
anterior cingulate cortex does what?
reality check
Could every hippocampus find me attractive?
loop of papez -> cingulate cortex, entorhinal cortex, hippocampus, fornix, mammilary bodies, anterior thalamic nuclei, cingulate cortex
lesion in the anterior cingulate cortex?
schizophrenia
loop of papez is responsible for which type of memory?
episodic memory
What input goes to the cerebellum (3)? what input goes into the basal nuclei?
vision, balance, position -> cerebellum
early experience -> basal nuclei
coordinated movement from basal nuclei/cerebellum goes to which structure?
thalamus
Alzheimer symptoms?
inability to recall recent and past memories, lack of attention, disorientation, language problems, lack of problem solving
Neurofibrillary plaques and neuronal tangles causes what?
atrophy, alzhiemers
Atrophy of the brain causes what pathology?
alzheimers disease
Hippocampal atrophy causes what pathology?
amnesia
Atrophied hippocampal neurons can be identified by what?
loss of dendrites
amnesia is what?
inability to store new memories
anterograde amnesia
inability to consolidate events
retrograde amnesia
inability to recall past events
which structure is responsible for stoping and starting motor movements?
basal nuclei
Skills memory involves which structure?
basal nuclei
Which two structures form the lentiform nucleus?
globus pallamen and putamen
Lentiform nucleus is located wehre?
underneath the caudate nucleus
Caudate nucleus conforms to the shape of which ventricle?
lateral ventricle
Caudate tail is closely associated to which structure?
amygdala
What does the substantia niagra do?
releases dopamine, and allows neurotransmission through basal nuclei to occur
dopamine is released from which structure?
substantia nigra
Structures in the basal nuclei?
caudate, lentiform, caudate tail, substantia nigra
What is the pathway for an in&out motor movement?
cortex -> caudate -> lentiform nucelus -> thalamus -> cortex
Is the basal nuclei ispsilateral or contralateral?
ipsilateral
Initial start and stop planning of motor movement occurs in which structure of the basal nuclei?
caudate
which three structures can cause a motor movement?
primary motor cortex, cerebellum, basal ganglia
which structure tells your brain how fast to do an action?
basal ganglia
which structure tells your brain how to do an action
cerebellum
which structure tells you to just do a motor action?
primary motor cortex
Describe the initial flow of info for a motor movement before reaching cerebellum/primary motor cortex/basal nuclei?
visual input -> thalamus -> visual cortex -> post central gyrus -> parietal lobe (snesory input is consolidated) -> association fibre -> frontal cortex -> cerebellum/primary motor cortex/basal nuclei
