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anatomy > CNS 2 - cortex, deep nuclei, cerebrum > Flashcards

CNS 2 - cortex, deep nuclei, cerebrum Flashcards

1
Q

How is white and grey matter arranged in brain?

A

grey on outside, white on inside

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2
Q

How is white and grey matter arranged in Spinal cord?

A

grey on inside, white on outside

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3
Q

descending tracts of the CNS arise where?

A

cerebral cortex?

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4
Q

descending tracts are responsible for what info?

A

motor

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5
Q

descending tracts synapse where?

A

central horn of spinal cord

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6
Q

cerebral deep grey matter consists of ____ and _____

A

thalamus and basal ganglia

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7
Q

Why is ganglia an incorrect name for basal ganglia?

A

ganglia is a term for outside the CNS

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8
Q

basal ganglia is correctly termed?

A

basal nuceli

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9
Q

Neuronal cell bodies make up _____ matter

A

grey

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10
Q

A deep groove of the grey matter is called?

A

deep fissure

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11
Q

what is a deep fissure

A

deep groove of brain

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12
Q

What fissure divides brain into L & R?

A

longitudinal fissure

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13
Q

The longitudinal fissure divides the brain into?

A

L & R

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14
Q

Which fissure separates the parietal and frontal lobe from the temporal lobe?

A

lateral (slyvian) fissure

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15
Q

Lateral (sylvian) fissure separates what?

A

parietal and frontal lobe from temporal lobe

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16
Q

where is lateral (sylvian) fissure located?

A

side of brain

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17
Q

shallow grooves are called?

A

sulci

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18
Q

What are sulci?

A

grooves that divide the brain, but not as deep

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19
Q

Central sulcus divides the brain intO?

A

anterior motor and posterior sensory halves

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20
Q

the anterior motor and posterior sensory halves are divide by the

A

central sulcus

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21
Q

primary motor cortex is called

A

precentral gyrus

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22
Q

precentral gyrus is also termed

A

primary motor cortex

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23
Q

primary sensory cortex is called

A

postcentral gyrus

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24
Q

postcentral gyrus is also called

A

primary sensory cortex

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25
Q

primary motor cortex is _____ to the central sulcus

A

anterior

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26
Q

primary sensory cortex is _____ to the central sulcus

A

posterior

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27
Q

ridge of grey matter is composed of?

A

primary motor and sensory cortex

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28
Q

what is gyri

A

bump on either side of sulci/fissure

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29
Q

the bump on either side of sulci/fissure is called?

A

gyri

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30
Q

What are the working units of the cerebral cortex?

A

cortical columns

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31
Q

What are cortical columns

A

working unit of the cerebral cortex

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32
Q

when can we see ocular dominance columns?

A

when one eye is closed, metabolic activity is increased and you can see columnar organization

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33
Q

what are the functions of the temporal lobe?

A

hearing, auditory, language, speech

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34
Q

what are the functions of the occipital lobe?

A

visual cortex

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35
Q

what are the functions of the parietal lobe?

A

somatosensory (touch, pressure, temp, pain), association of senses

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36
Q

somatosensory of the parietal lobe consists of which senses?

A

touch, pressure, temp, pain

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37
Q

what are the functions of the frontal lobe?

A

association cortex, emotions, intellect, planning of motor movements, personality, reasoning, problem solving

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38
Q

motor movement is controlled/planned by which lobe?

A

frontal lobe

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39
Q

Where is the frontal eye field located?

A

above brocas area, in the frontal lobe

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40
Q

which lobe coordinates L and R eye movement

A

frontal lobe

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41
Q

Which area contains our dictionary (i.e. what words mean?)

A

wernickes area

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42
Q

Where is wernickes area located?

A

next to auditory cortex, temporal lobe

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43
Q

Why is wernickes area located where it is?

A

next to audtiory cortex so when you hear something wernicke’s area immediately extracts info

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44
Q

Which area is responsible for producing speech

A

brocas area

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45
Q

what does brocas area do

A

produce speech

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46
Q

where is brocas area?

A

adjacent to primary motor cortex

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47
Q

why is brocas area located where it is?

A

adjacent to primary motor cortex so it can control mouth and tongue movement, frontal lobe

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48
Q

Which artery supplies wernickes area?

A

middle cerebral artery

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49
Q

Which artery supplies broca area?

A

middle cerebral artery

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50
Q

Language and speech is located on which side of the brain?

A

LEFT ONLY

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51
Q

What lies underneath the lateral fissure?

A

grey matter

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52
Q

where is the insular cortex located?

A

deep underneath lateral fissure

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53
Q

what is the insular cortex responsible for?

A

balance

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54
Q

Where is the olfactory cortex? (3 location descriptions)

A

bottom of frontal lobe, medial surface of temporal lobe, near mammillary bodies

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55
Q

Gustatory cortex is responsible for what?

A

emotional attachment to food

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56
Q

Which cortex relates taste, temp, and texture?

A

gustatory cortex

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57
Q

where is the gustatory cortex found?

A

parietal lobe

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58
Q

Problems producing speech but no difficult understanding is a stroke to which lobe?

A

frontal

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59
Q

Moodiness, atypical social behaviour, inability to speak is lesion to which lobe?

A

frontal

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60
Q

Lack of coordination, difficulty discriminating sensory info, cant recognize things is a lesion to which lobe?

A

parietal lobe lesion

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61
Q

difficulty processing hearing info or recognizing sound patterns, comprehending speech is a lesion in which lobe?

A

temporal lobe

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62
Q

can speak properly but words dont make sense is a lesion in which lobe?

A

temporal lobe

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63
Q

synthesia is a lesion in which lobe?

A

occipital

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64
Q

Where is a somatotopic map located?

A

precentral and postcentral gyrus (outside, lateral surface of brain)

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65
Q

somatotopic map is which type of matter?

A

grey

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66
Q

Somatotopic map is which type of sectioning plane?

A

coronal section

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67
Q

lateral to medial correlates to which homunculus body parts?

A

head to toe

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68
Q

what is the homunculus

A

a lil man whose distortions are proportional to the # of neurons that control the body part

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69
Q

Size in homunculus is proportionate to what?

A

the size of the cortex that controls that body part?

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70
Q

Does trunk have a lot of cortical neurons in comparison to upper/lower limbs?

A

nope!

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71
Q

What is lateralization?

A

brain’s preferance for which side of brain is dominant in controlling vision and hand movements

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72
Q

T or F - Brain recieves equal info to both sides of the hemisphere

A

F - brain recieves more info from one eye/hand over the other

73
Q

Right side of brain is ____, ____, ____, ___, ___ (Hi, mac!)

A

holistic, intuitive, creative, artistic, musical

74
Q

Left side of brain is ___, ____, _____, ____

A

SMAL - scientific, mathematical, analytic, logical

75
Q

which imaging device is used to see white matter tracts?

A

MRI diffusion tensor imaging

76
Q

MRI diffusion tensor imaging is based on what?

A

water molecule movement in axons

77
Q

What are the three types of white matter tracts?

A

commissural fissures, association fibres, and project fibres

78
Q

what is an example of a commissural fissure?

A

corpus callosum

79
Q

what does the commissural fissure connect?

A

L&R hemispheres

80
Q

commissural fissures are what type of matter?

A

white

81
Q

what does the association fibres connect?

A

different lobes within the same hemisphere

82
Q

What is an example of the association fibre?

A

fornix

83
Q

Association fibres allow for integration on the _____ side of brain

A

same

84
Q

what do the projection fibres connect?

A

connect different parts of the cns

85
Q

What is an example of the projection fibres?

A

internal capsule

86
Q

Deep nuclei of the brain connects which two structures?

A

overlying cortex and spinal cord

87
Q

Deep nuclei of the brain include which 2 systems?

A

limbic system and basal nuclei

88
Q

Limbic system and basal nuclei is formed around where?

A

basal nuclei and limbic system are formed around ventricles

89
Q

Deep nuclei is lateral to which structure?

A

thalamus

90
Q

Where is the deep nuclei located?

A

lateral to the thalamus

91
Q

Thalamus is part of which system?

A

diencephalon

92
Q

Thalamus is located where?

A

opposite sides of 3rd ventricle

93
Q

Limbic system is located where?

A

wrapped around inside of ventricle

94
Q

Basal nuclei is located where?

A

wrapped around outside of ventricle

95
Q

Limbic system consists of which nuclei? FAHM

A

fornix, amygdala, hippocampus, mammilary bodies

96
Q

Basal nuclei consists of which nuclei? ALC

A

amygdala, lentiform nuclei, caudate nuclei

97
Q

Limbic system is wrapped around the ______ horn of the _______ ventricle

A

inferior, lateral

98
Q

limbic system sweeps up around the underside of the _____ horn of the _______ ventricle

A

superior, lateral

99
Q

Limbic system is located on either side of which structure?

A

thalamus

100
Q

mammillary bodies are located where?

A

near olfactory area and under the 3rd ventricle

101
Q

smell memories are found wehre?

A

mammillary bodies

102
Q

the limbic system is involved in ____ and ______

A

memory and emotions

103
Q

What structure connects the hippocampus to the mammillary bodies?

A

fornix

104
Q

the fornix connects which two structures?

A

hippocampus and mammillary bodies

105
Q

The 4 W’s are processed where?

A

hippocampus

106
Q

longterm memory formation occurs wehre?

A

hippocampus

107
Q

Hippocampus outputs its info to which structure? via which structure?

A

cortex, fornix

108
Q

Shorterm memories are stored where?

A

hippocampus

109
Q

Which structure analyzes anger, and fear?

A

amygdala

110
Q

Amygdala sends its output to which structure?

A

hypothalamus

111
Q

Hypothalamus controls which NS?

A

ANA

112
Q

Amygdala analyses what?

A

anger, fear, assess danger, and elicits fear response

113
Q

Which structure assess danger?

A

amygdala

114
Q

Which structure elicits fear response?

A

amygdala

115
Q

Amygdala connects which two structures?

A

hypothalamus and hippocampus

116
Q

Hypothalamus and hippocampus is connected by which structure?

A

amygdala

117
Q

A lesion to the amygdala causes what?

A

loss of emotional control, disrupted short-term memory, aggression, apathy

118
Q

Apathy is a lesion to which structure?

A

amygdala

119
Q

Amygdala recieves ________ from the ___ cortex to analyze faces

A

visual input from the visual cortex

120
Q

Why do bar fights happen?

A

alc impairs amygdala, amygdala cant differentiat facial expressions

121
Q

where is the amygdala located?

A

on top of hippocampus

122
Q

why is the amygdala located where it is?

A

on top of hippocampus bc amygdala is responsible for facial recognition and that involves memory and hippocampus is responsible for memory

123
Q

hippocampus is responsible for _____ tieline

A

memory timeline

124
Q

which three structures are responsible for episodic memory?

A

HAT -> hippocampus, amygdala, thalamus

125
Q

Episodic memories are procoessed where?

A

medial temporal lobe

126
Q

What is an example of an episodic memory?

A

event memory

127
Q

Episodic memories are reinforced by _____-

A

recall

128
Q

Semantic memoreis involve which structures?

A

post central gyrus, neocortex, auditory, somatosensory, visual cortex

129
Q

what is an example of a semantic memory?

A

factual memory

130
Q

Procedural memories involve which two structures?

A

cerebellum and basal nuclei

131
Q

What is an example of a procedural memory?

A

muscle memory

132
Q

Procedural memories are memorized how?

A

through seeing them rather than reading

133
Q

Lesions to the cingulate cortex include”

A

inappropriate epmotions, lack of fear, hallucinations

134
Q

cingulate cortex is located where?

A

above corpus callosum

135
Q

Cingulae cortex connects with what?

A

overlying cortex

136
Q

What info goes into the cingulate cortex?

A

sensory -> smell, touch, vision

137
Q

Information from the cingulate cortex goes to which structure?

A

hippocampus

138
Q

which structure is responsible for a reality check?

A

anterior cingulate cortex

139
Q

Where is the entorhinal cortex located?

A

lateral to the hippocampus

140
Q

Entorhinal cortex is in which lobe?

A

temporal lobe

141
Q

Entorhinal cortex provides what context to a memory?

A

spatial

142
Q

Where is all info consolidated into a unified memory?

A

hippocampus

143
Q

Hippocampus sends info to which structure via which structure?

A

mammillary bodies, via fornix

144
Q

Mammillary bodies puts what into the memory?

A

emotional attachment and smell

145
Q

after the mammillary bodies, where does the mory go to?

A

anterior thalamic nuclei

146
Q

Anterior thalamic nuclei does what?

A

puts special significance on some effents (selective attention)

147
Q

Memory returns to which structure after the anterior thalamic nuclei?

A

cingulate gyrus

148
Q

After the memory returns to the ______ it gets projected to the ________ as a permanent memory

A

cingulate gyrus, cerebral cortex

149
Q

anterior cingulate cortex does what?

A

reality check

150
Q

Could every hippocampus find me attractive?

A

loop of papez -> cingulate cortex, entorhinal cortex, hippocampus, fornix, mammilary bodies, anterior thalamic nuclei, cingulate cortex

151
Q

lesion in the anterior cingulate cortex?

A

schizophrenia

152
Q

loop of papez is responsible for which type of memory?

A

episodic memory

153
Q

What input goes to the cerebellum (3)? what input goes into the basal nuclei?

A

vision, balance, position -> cerebellum

early experience -> basal nuclei

154
Q

coordinated movement from basal nuclei/cerebellum goes to which structure?

A

thalamus

155
Q

Alzheimer symptoms?

A

inability to recall recent and past memories, lack of attention, disorientation, language problems, lack of problem solving

156
Q

Neurofibrillary plaques and neuronal tangles causes what?

A

atrophy, alzhiemers

157
Q

Atrophy of the brain causes what pathology?

A

alzheimers disease

158
Q

Hippocampal atrophy causes what pathology?

A

amnesia

159
Q

Atrophied hippocampal neurons can be identified by what?

A

loss of dendrites

160
Q

amnesia is what?

A

inability to store new memories

161
Q

anterograde amnesia

A

inability to consolidate events

162
Q

retrograde amnesia

A

inability to recall past events

163
Q

which structure is responsible for stoping and starting motor movements?

A

basal nuclei

164
Q

Skills memory involves which structure?

A

basal nuclei

165
Q

Which two structures form the lentiform nucleus?

A

globus pallamen and putamen

166
Q

Lentiform nucleus is located wehre?

A

underneath the caudate nucleus

167
Q

Caudate nucleus conforms to the shape of which ventricle?

A

lateral ventricle

168
Q

Caudate tail is closely associated to which structure?

A

amygdala

169
Q

What does the substantia niagra do?

A

releases dopamine, and allows neurotransmission through basal nuclei to occur

170
Q

dopamine is released from which structure?

A

substantia nigra

171
Q

Structures in the basal nuclei?

A

caudate, lentiform, caudate tail, substantia nigra

172
Q

What is the pathway for an in&out motor movement?

A

cortex -> caudate -> lentiform nucelus -> thalamus -> cortex

173
Q

Is the basal nuclei ispsilateral or contralateral?

A

ipsilateral

174
Q

Initial start and stop planning of motor movement occurs in which structure of the basal nuclei?

A

caudate

175
Q

which three structures can cause a motor movement?

A

primary motor cortex, cerebellum, basal ganglia

176
Q

which structure tells your brain how fast to do an action?

A

basal ganglia

177
Q

which structure tells your brain how to do an action

A

cerebellum

178
Q

which structure tells you to just do a motor action?

A

primary motor cortex

179
Q

Describe the initial flow of info for a motor movement before reaching cerebellum/primary motor cortex/basal nuclei?

A

visual input -> thalamus -> visual cortex -> post central gyrus -> parietal lobe (snesory input is consolidated) -> association fibre -> frontal cortex -> cerebellum/primary motor cortex/basal nuclei

anatomy (12 decks)

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