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Head and Neck > Thyroid, Parathyroid and Salivary Glands > Flashcards

Thyroid, Parathyroid and Salivary Glands Flashcards

1
Q

What connects the left and right lobes of the thyroid gland

A

Isthmus

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2
Q

What is the level of the thyroid gland

A

C5-T1

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3
Q

What are the things that lie around the thyroid gland

A

Anteriorly:

  • Loose sheath formed by pretracheal fascia
  • Sternohyoid and Sternothyroid

Posteriorly:
-Cricoid cartilage and upper 2-3 tracheal rings

Posterolaterally:
-Carotid sheaths and content

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4
Q

what type of gland is the thyroid gland

A

ductless endocrine gland - secretes directly into blood

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5
Q

What does the thyroid gland secrete

A

Thyroid hormone

Calcitonin

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6
Q

Where does the vascularity of the thyroid gland lie?

A

within the loose sheath formed by the pretracheal fascia

on top of the fibrous capsule

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7
Q

What is the arterial supply of the thyroid gland

A

inferior thyroid artery

superior thyroid artery

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8
Q

From where does the inferior thyroid artery arise

A

it is the largest branch of the thyrocervical trunk

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9
Q

Explain the course of the inferior thyroid artery

A

ascends posterior to carotid sheath

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10
Q

What part of the thyroid gland does the inferior thyroid artery supply

A

Inferior pole

Posterior Surface

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11
Q

From where does the Superior thyroid artery arise

A

1st branch of external carotid

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12
Q

What part of the thyroid gland does the superior thyroid artery supply

A

First divides into anterior and posterior branches

Superior pole
Anterior surface of gland

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13
Q

What is the plexus that drains the thyroid gland made up of

A

Superior thyroid vein –> IJV
Middle thyroid vein –> IJV
Inferior thyroid vein –> thyroid impar of Brachiocephalic vein

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14
Q

What is the lymphatic drainage of the Thyroid gland

A

Prelaryngeal Lymph Nodes —> Superior Cervical LN

Pretracheal Lymph Nodes —> Inferior Deep Cervical LN

Paratracheal Lymph Nodes —> Inferior Deep Cervical LN

Lymphatic vessels along Superior Thyroid Vein drain into:

  • Inferior Deep Cervical LN
  • Brachiocephalic LN
  • Thoracic Duct
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15
Q

Explain the parasympathetic innervation of the thyroid gland

A

Vagus Nerve via:

  • Superior Laryngeal Nerve
  • Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve
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16
Q

Explain the sympathetic innervation of the thyroid gland

A

(Superior, Middle and Inferior) Cervical Sympathetic Ganglia

Via

  • Cardiac para-arterial plexuses
  • Superior thyroid para-arterial plexuses
  • Inferior thyroid para-arterial plexuses

GIVE VASOMOTOR INNERVATION - CAUSE CONSTRICTION OF BLOOD VESSELS

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17
Q

What is endocrine secretion of the thyroid hormone regulated by?

A

Not directly stimulated by the ANS

However, regulated by Pituitary Hormones

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18
Q

What is the location of the Parathyroid Glands

A

On posterior surface of thyroid
External to Thyroid Fibrous Capsule
Within sheath formed by Pretracheal fascia

Superior Parathyroid Glands:
1cm above piercing of Inf. Thyroid A.

Inferior Parathyroid Glands:
1cm below piercing of Inf. Thyroid A.

19
Q

What do the parathyroid glands secrete?

A

PTH

Regulates calcium and Phosphorus metabolism
Targets skeleton, kidneys and intestines

20
Q

What is the arterial supply of the Parathyroid Gland

A

Mostly:
-Branches of Inf. Thyroid A.

Also:

  • Sup. Thyroid A.
  • Thyroid Ima A.
  • Laryngeal A.
  • Tracheal A.
  • Oesophageal A.
21
Q

What is the venous drainage of the Parathyroid Gland

A

Thyroid Plexus of veins (of Thyroid and Trachea)

22
Q

What is the lymphatic drainage of the Parathyroid Gland

A

Deep Cervical LN
Paratracheal LN

RUN WITH THE THYROID LYMPHATIC VESSELS

23
Q

What is the innervation of the Parathyroid Gland

A

—Vasomotor—

Thyroid branches of the CERVICAL SYMPATHETIC GANGLIA

24
Q

Name the salivary glands

A

3 main pairs:

  • Submandibular
  • Sublingual
  • Parotid

Accessory:

  • Lips
  • Cheeks
  • Palate
  • Tongue
25
Q

Explain the position of the Submandibular Gland

A

Partly superior and partly inferior - to the posterior half of the body of the mandible

Partly superficial and partly deep to myolohyoid muscle

26
Q

Explain the course of the Submandibular Duct

A

5cm long between Mylohyoid and Hyoglossus

As it passes anteriorly, the Lingual N. loops under it

Opens on 3 sublingual papillae (on either side of the tongue frenulum)

27
Q

What is the Blood Supply to the Submandibular Glands?

A 
Submental Artery (Branch of Facial A.) 
Submental Vein
28
Q

What is the Parasympathetic innervation to the submandibular glands

A

—secretomotor—

Presynaptic parasympathetic fibres from FACIAL N. via CHORDA TYMPANI N. to the LINGUAL N.

Lingual N. synapses with postsynaptic nerve fibres that supply the gland

29
Q

What is the Sympathetic innervation to the submandibular glands

A

Fibres from the SUPERIOR CERVICAL GANGLION

30
Q

What is the lymphatic drainage of the Submandibular Glands

A

Lymphatic vessels of glands end in the deep cervical LNs - particularly the juglo-omohyoid node

31
Q

What is the structure of the Sublingual Glands

A

Bilateral Almond Shaped Glands

Unite to form horse-shoe shape mass around frenulum.

32
Q

What is the blood supply to the Sublingual Glands

A

Submental A. (br. of Facial A.) and V

Sublingual A (br. of Lingual A.) and V.

33
Q

What is the innervation of the Sublingual Glands

A

Accompanies that of the submandibular gland
—secretomotor—

—–PARASYMPATHETIC—-
Presynaptic parasympathetic fibres from FACIAL N. via CHORDA TYMPANI N. to the LINGUAL N.

Lingual N. synapses with postsynaptic nerve fibres that supply the gland

—-SYMPATHETIC—-
Fibres from the SUPERIOR CERVICAL GANGLION

34
Q

What are the borders of the Parotid Region?

A

Superior:
-Zygomatic Arch

Posterior

  • Ear
  • Anterior border of SCM

Medial:
-Ramus of Mandible

Anterior:
-Medial border of Masseter

Inferior:
-Angle of Mandible

35
Q

What is the content of the Parotid Region?

A 
Parotid gland and duct
Parotid plexus of Facial N.
Ext. Carotid A.
Retromandibular V.
Masseter
36
Q

What is the Parotid Gland surrounded by?

A

Parotid Sheath

A fibrous capsule derived from Investing Fascia

37
Q

What is the location of the Parotid Bed?

A

Anterior and Inferior to External Acoustic Meatus

Between Mastoid Process and Ramus of Mandible

Apex is posterior to the angle of the Mandible

Base is related to the Zygomatic Arch

Laterally, it is flat and subcutaneous

38
Q

What is the course of the Parotid Duct

A

Runs horizontally from the Anterior edge of the gland

Turns medially at the edge of the Masseter

Pierces Buccinator

Opens in Oral Vestibule opposite the 2nd Maxillary Molar

39
Q

What is embedded in the Parotid Gland

A

Parotid Plexus of Facial N.

Retromandibular V.

External Carotid A.

40
Q

What is the blood supply to the Parotid Glands

A

Posterior Auricular A

Superficial Temporal A. (br. of Ext Carotid)

41
Q

What is the venous drainage of the Parotid Glands

A

Retromandibular v

42
Q

What is the parasympathetic innervation of the Parotid Glands

A

GLOSSOPHARANGEAL N - Presynaptic Parasympathetic Fibres to OTIC GANGLION

Postsynaptic parasympathetic fibres are conveyed from here to Parotid Gland via the AURICULOTEMPORAL N.

43
Q

What is the sympathetic innervation of the Parotid Glands

A

—vasomotor—

Cervical Ganglia —> External Carotid Nerve Plexus

44
Q

What is the sensory innervation of the Parotid Glands

A

Auriculotemporal N
Great Auricular N (br. of Cervical Plexus: C2-C3)

Innervates Parotid Sheath and Overlying Skin

Head and Neck (11 decks)

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