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Head and Neck > Orbit, Lacrimal Apparatus, Eye > Flashcards

Orbit, Lacrimal Apparatus, Eye Flashcards

1
Q

What two things do people include when talking about the eye?

A

Orbit

Optic Nerve

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2
Q

What makes up the orbital region?

A

orbits

eyelids

lacrimal apparatus

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3
Q

What are the accessory organs of the orbit?

A

Eyelids

Oculomotor Muscles

Oculomotor Nerve

Vessels

Conjuctiva of eyelids

Space occupied by fat

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4
Q

What lines the orbit?

A

Lined by periorbita

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5
Q

What are the medial walls of the orbit separated by? What are their positions to pne another?

A

Ethmoidal sinus

Upper Nasal Cavity

They are near parallel to each other

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6
Q

What is the lateral wall of the orbit made up of?

A

Mostly Zygomatic Bone

Some of the Sphenoid Bone

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7
Q

How are the Lateral Walls of the Orbit positioned in relation to one another?

A

They lie at 90° to one another

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8
Q

How are the axes of each orbit related to each other?

A

Positioned at an angle to 45° to one another

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9
Q

How is each Optical Axis (i.e. axis through the pupil) related

A

They are parallel - when in primary position

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10
Q

What are the borders of the orbit?

A
  • Base
    • Outline of orbital margin
  • Apex
    • At optic canal (in lesser wing of sphenoid - medial to superior orbital fissure)
  • Medial
    • Orbital plate of Ethmoid
    • Contributions of frontal processes of:
      • Maxilla
      • Lacrimal
      • Sphenoid
  • Lateral
    • Frontal process of Zygomatic
    • Greater wing of Sphenoid
  • Superior
    • Orbital part of Frontal Bone
    • Lesser wing of Sphenoid
  • Inferior/Floor
    • Mostly Maxilla
    • Partly Sphenoid and Palatine Bones
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11
Q

What are the characteristics of the base of the orbit

A

Reinforced

Orbital Septum is attached to it

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12
Q

What are the characteristics of the medial wall of the Orbit?

A
  • Indented by:
    • Lacrimal Groove
    • Fossa for Lacrimal Gland
  • Trochlea lies superiorly
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13
Q

What are the characteristics of the Lateral wall of the orbit?

A

Strongest Wall

Thickest Wall

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14
Q
A
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15
Q

What are the Tarsi? Explain their structure?

A

Dense Connective tissue that strengthens the eyelids.

Embedded with tarsal glands - secrete lipids that prevent eyelids sticking together.

Split into superior and inferior tarsi.

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16
Q

What are the attachments of the medial palpebral ligament

A

tarsi

medial orbital margin

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17
Q

What are the attachments of the lateral palpebral ligament

A

tarsi

lateral orbital margin

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18
Q

Where is the orbital septum located? What is its function?

A

Fibrous membrane spanning tarsi

Keeps orbital fat contained

Contributes posterior fascia of Orbicularis Oculi

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19
Q

Explain the external and internal structure of the eyelids

A
  • External
    • Thin skin
    • Lined by eyelashes (cilia)
      • Associated with Ciliary Glands
  • Internal
    • Palpebral Conjunctiva
    • Continuous with Bulbar Conjunctiva of the eye
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20
Q
A

Superior Conjuctival Fornix

Inferior Conjuctival Fornix

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21
Q

Explain the position of the Lacrimal Gland. What is it’s size?

A

Lies within lacrimal fossa (of Frontal Bone), near superolateral margin.

Approx. 2cm long gland

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22
Q

What are the two parts of the Lacrimal Apparatus

A

Orbital Part

Palpebral Part

Separated by tendon of levator palpebrae superioris.

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23
Q

Where does the lacrimal caniliculi start and end? What is it’s function?

A

Start at lacrimal punctum on the lacrimal papilla

Drain lacrimal fluid from the lacrimal lake into the lacrimal sac

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24
Q

What is the function of the Nasolacrimal Duct

A

Coveys lacrimal fluid from lacrimal sac to the inferior nasal meatus

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25
Q

What is the role of the nervous system in producing lacrimal fluid?

A

Presynaptic parasympathetic nerves:

  1. Facial Nerve (CN VII)
  2. Greater Petrosal Nerve
  3. Nerve of Pterygoid canal
  4. Pterygopalatine Ganglion
  5. Zygomatic Nerve (Branch of V2)
  6. Lacrimal Branch (of Opthalmic Nerve)
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26
Q

Explain the innervation of the Lacrimal Gland

A
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27
Q

What induces production of Lacrimal Fluid?

A

Parasympathetic Innervation (from the facial nerve)

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28
Q

What makes up the anterior segment of the eye ball?

A

Cornea

Lens

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29
Q

What components support the Lens?

A

Suspensory Ligament - collective noun for Zonular Fibres

  1. Lens Capsule (transparent membrane) attaches to Zonular Fibres
  2. Attached to Ciliary Processes
  3. Attached to Ciliary Body (contains main muscles)
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30
Q

What is the innervation of the Ciliary Muscles?

A

Oculomotor Nerve (CN III)

31
Q

Explain the drainage of the Aqueous Humour. Where is this fluid found?

A

Located in anterior portion, near lens of eye.

Drainage:

  1. Trabecular Meshwork (at Iridiocorneal angle)
  2. Scleral Venous Sinus
  3. Limbus Plexus, a network of Scleral Veins
  4. Tributaries of Vorticose Vein and Anterior Ciliary Vein
32
Q

Where is the Vitreous Humour located?

A

Within Vitreous Body (fills the space between the lens and the retina)

Posterior four-fifths of the eye

33
Q

What are the three main layers of the Eyeball?

A
  1. Fibrous Layer (outer)
  2. Vascular Layer
  3. Retinal Layer
34
Q

What makes up the Fibrous Layer of the Eyeball?

A

Sclera (white of eye)

Cornea (transparent layer that covers Iris)

35
Q

What part of the eyeball is the Sclera attached to?

A

Posterior five-sixths

36
Q

Explain the vascular supply of the Sclera

A

Mostly Avascular

37
Q

What part of the eye provides attachment for all intrinsic and extrinsic muscles?

A

Sclera

38
Q

What part of the eyeball is the Cornea found?

A

Anterior one-sixth

39
Q

Explain the vasculature of the Cornea

A

Completely avascular

40
Q

What is the innervation of the Cornea? What action does it enable?

A

Corneal Reflex (blinking reflex)

Nasociliary Branch (of CN V1)

41
Q

Explain the vasculature of the Choroid

A

Larger vessels externally

Finer vessels internally

42
Q

What is the choroid? Explain its structure.

A

Vascular membrane that lines most of the internal part of the sclera.

Structure: Dense, pigmented vascular beds

43
Q

What is the attachment of the choroid

A

Attaches firmly to retina.

Attaches less firmly to sclera

44
Q

What is the postition of the Iris?

A

Anterior surface of lens

45
Q

What are the two involuntary muscles of the Iris? Explain their functions.

A

Sphincter Pupillae (decreases pupil diameter)

Dilator Pupillae (increases pupil diameter)

46
Q

What is the innervation of the sphincter pupillae?

A

Parasympathetically stimulated

47
Q

What is the innervation of the dilator pupillae?

A

Sympathetically Stimulated

48
Q

Essentially, what is the Ciliary Body and where is it located?

A

Muscular and vascular thickening of layer behind corneoscleral junction

49
Q

What are the components of the Ciliary Body?

A

Ora Serrata (outside)

Ciliary Muscles (Middle)

Ciliary Process (Inside)

50
Q

What are the functions of the Ciliary Body?

A
  • Connects choroid with circumference of Iris
  • Provides attachment for lens (Zonular Fibres attach it by attaching to Ciliary Processes)
  • Smooth muscle contraction controls thickness of lens (focus)
51
Q

What are the parts of the Vascular Layer of the eyeball?

A

Choroid

Iris

Ciliary Body

52
Q

What are the two main parts of the Retina?

A

Optic part

Non-visual part

53
Q

What is the location of the non-visual part of the retina?

A

Extends over Ciliary Body and Posterior Surface of the Iris

54
Q

What is the fundus of the retina

A

Area of the posterior eye where light is focused.

Includes:

  • Optic Disk (Blind Spot)
  • Macula Lutea (Yellow Spot)
55
Q

Explain the structure of the Macula Lutea of the eyeball

A

Photoreceptive cones are specialised for acuity (sharpness) of vision

In the centre is the Fovea Centralis - area of most acute vision

56
Q

What is the word for medial rotation?

A

Intortion

57
Q

What is the word for lateral rotation?

A

Extortion

58
Q

What are the attachments of the Rectus Muscles? What is the exception?

A

Origin: Common Tendinous Ring (Annulus) surrounding the Optic Canal

Insertion: Anterior to the equator of the eye

Exception: Inferior Oblique - originates from anterior part of Orbit

59
Q

What is the innervation for the Extraocular Muscles? What are the exceptions?

A

Oculomotor Nerve (CN III)

Abducent Nerve (CN VI) - Lateral Rectus

Trochlear Nerve (CN IV) - Superior Oblique

60
Q

What are the actions of all the Extraocular Muscles?

A
  • Medial Rectus:
    • Adducts
  • Lateral Rectus
    • Abducts
  • Sperior Rectus
    • Elevates
    • Medial Rotation
  • Inferior Rectus
    • Depresses
    • Lateral Rotation
  • Inferior Oblique
    • Lateral Rotation
    • Abducts
    • Elevates
  • Superior Oblique
    • Medial Rotation
    • Abducts
    • Depresses
61
Q

What is the Innervation of the Levator Palpebrae Superioris?

A

Oculomotor Nerve (CN III)

62
Q

What is the function of Levator Palpebrae Superioris?

A

Elevates Superior Eyelid

63
Q

What is the relation of Levator Palpebrae Superioris to other structures?

A

Bilaminar Aponeurosis divides Lacrimal Gland into Orbital and Palpebral parts

Tubal Muscular Sheath fuses to that of Superior Rectus – During elevation of the eye, the superior eyelid also is further elevated

64
Q

What type of fibres are in the Optic Nerve (CN III)?

A

Purely sensory

65
Q

Where is the beginning of the Optic Nerve?

A

Lamina Cribrosa of the Sclera

66
Q

What surrounds the Optic Nerve (CN III)

A

Extensions of:

  • Dura Mater
  • Pia Mater
  • Arachnoid Mater
  • Subarachnoid Space
67
Q

What does the Ophthalmic Nerve Supply? What are its branches?

A

Lacrimal Gland

Eyelids

Face

Scalp

Through the _____ branches:

  • Nasociliary Nerve
  • Frontal Nerve
  • Lacrimal Nerve
68
Q

Which nerve is the Ciliary Ganglion associated with?

A

Ophthalmic Branch of Trigeminal Nerve

69
Q

Where does the Ciliary Ganglion lie?

A

Between the Lateral Rectus and Optic Nerve

70
Q

What type of cell bodies doe the Ciliary Ganglion contain?

A

postsynaptic parasympathetic cell bodies

71
Q

What are the sources from which the Ciliary Ganglion recieves fibres?

A
  • Nasociliary Root of CN V1 (sensory fibres)
  • Oculomotor (presynaptic parasympathetic fibres)
  • Sympathetic Root of Internal Carotid Plexus (postsynaptic sympathetic fibres)
72
Q

What are the nerves that the Ciliary Ganglion gives rise to?

A
  • Short Ciliary Nerve
    • Considered a branch of V1
    • Carries sympathetic and parasympathic fibres
  • Long Ciliary Nerve
    • A true branch of Nasociliary Nerve
    • Bypasses Ganglion
73
Q

What does the Long Ciliary Nerve supply?

A

Dilator Pupillae

Head and Neck (11 decks)

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