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Head (anatomy) > Thyroid Gland > Flashcards

Thyroid Gland Flashcards

1
Q

Thyroid gland is an endocrine gland. True or false

A

True

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2
Q

Thyroid gland develops from where

A

Foramen cecum (of Morgagni)

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3
Q

Describe the anatomy of the thyroid gland

A

Thyroid gland is located in front of the neck. It consists of 2 lobes(left and right) in front of the second , third and fourth or 5th tracheal rings united by the isthmus

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4
Q

What muscles cover the thyroid gland on the lateral sides of the pharynx and larynx

A

Sternothroid and sternohyoid muscles

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5
Q

Functions of thyroid gland

A
  • Regulates nasal metabolic rate
  • Important in calcium metabolism
  • Stimulate psychic growth
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6
Q

The isthmus extents from what trachea ring to what tracheal ring

A

2nd to 3rd

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7
Q

The lower pole of the thyroid gland can extend up to what tracheal ring

A

6th

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8
Q

Which gender has larger thyroid gland

A

Females

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9
Q

Average weight of the gland

A

25g

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10
Q

The upper pole of the thyroid gland cannot normally rise above the level of the oblique line of the thyroid cartilage. True or false

A

True

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11
Q

What is the dimension of the thyroid gland

A

5 X 2.5 X 2.5 cm

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12
Q

Components are the components of thyroid gland

A

2 lobes (left and right)
Isthmus
Pyramidal lobe

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13
Q

Functions of thyroid gland

A

-They help in the overall growth, development, and differentiation of all the body cells.
-They regulate the basal metabolic rate (BMR).
-They play an essential role in calcium metabolism
-They help in the overall development and function of CNS in children.
-They stimulate somatic and psychic growth.
-They stimulate heart rate and contraction.
-They help in the deposition of calcium and phosphate in bone and make the bones strong.
-They decrease the level of calcium in the blood.
-They regulate carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism.
-They also help in the metabolism of vitamins.
-They control the body temperature.
-They help degrade cholesterol and triglycerides.
-They maintain the electrolyte balance.
-They support the process of RBC formation.
-They enhance mitochondrial metabolism.
-They increase the oxygen consumptions by the cells and tissues.
-They influence the mood and behavior of a person.
-They stimulate gut motility.
-They also enhance the sensitivity of the beta-adrenergic receptors to catecholamines.

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14
Q

Dimensions of the isthmus

A

1.2 X 1.2cm

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15
Q

Why does the thyroid gland increase during menstruation and pregnancy

A

Check WhatsApp group

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16
Q

What are the 2 capsules of the thyroid gland

A
  • True (deeper capsule): peripheral condensation of CT of the gland
  • False capsule: formed from the pretracheal layer of the deep cervical fascia
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17
Q

The false capsule is —— along the posterior border of the lobes and ——- in the inner surface of the lobe

A

Thin
Thick

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18
Q

What ligament does the false capsule form and what’s the function of the ligament

A

Suspensory ligament of Berry
It connects the thyroid lobe to the cricoid cartilage

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19
Q

Shape of the thyroid lobes

A

Conical
It has a base, an apex and 3 surfaces

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20
Q

What are the 3 surfaces of the thyroid gland

A

Anterolateral
Posterolateral
Medial

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21
Q

Relation of the anterolateral border of the thyroid gland

A

-Strap muscles
> Sternohyoid
> sternothyroid
> superior belly of omohyoid muscles
- SCM muscle

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22
Q

Relation of the posterolateral border of the thyroid gland

A

Carotid sheath

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23
Q

Relation of the medial border of the thyroid gland

A

Law of twos
2 tubes
- trachea in front
- oesophagus behind

2 muscles
- inferior constrictor
- cricothyroid

2 nerves
- external laryngeal
- recurrent laryngeal

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24
Q

Diagram of the thyroid gland and it’s relations

A

Check note and google
You must know this wella

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25
Q

The apex of the thyroid gland is limited superiorly by

A

The attachment of the sternothyroid muscles to the oblique line of thyroid cartilage

26
Q

How many border and surface does the isthmus have? name them;

A

2 borders
> superior
> inferior

2 surfaces
> anterior
> posterior

27
Q

Relation of the anterior border of the isthmus

A
  • Right and left sternohyoid and sternothyroid muscle
  • the anterior jugular veins and fascia
28
Q

Relation of the posterior border of the isthmus

A

2nd and 3rd tracheal rings

29
Q

What is the arterial supply of the thyroid gland

A

> Superior thyroid artery (1st branch of the external carotid artery). Supplies upper part of the lateral lobes of the thyroid gland and the isthmus
Inferior thyroid artery (from thyrocervical trunk). Supplies the lower part of the lobe.
Thyroidea ima artery (only present in about 10% of the population). It’s a single artery i.e it’s not paired

30
Q

Why nerve closely is related to the superior thyroid artery?

A

External laryngeal nerve

31
Q

Why nerve is related to the inferior thyroidal artery?

A

Recurrent laryngeal nerve

32
Q

Course of superior thyroid artery

A

Check that 55 pages slide (it’s on page 21-22. You should know this by heart)

33
Q

Course of inferior thyroid artery

A

Check that 55 pages slide (it’s on page 22-25. You should know this by heart )

34
Q

Venous drainage of the thyroid gland

A

Superior, middle, and inferior, a fourth thyroid vein of Kocher thyroid veins (check slide, page 26-27)

35
Q

Location of thyroid vein of Kocher

A

May between the inferior and middle thyroid veins and drains into IJV

36
Q

Inferior thyroid veins drains into where

A

Left brachiocephalic vein

37
Q

Deficiency of iodine causes what

A

Goiter

38
Q

The right recurrent laryngeal nerve loops around —— and the left recurrent laryngeal nerve loops behind around——

A

Subclavian artery (that’s why in subclavian vascular anomaly, the recurrent laryngeal nerve do not longer “REOCCUR”, instead it proceeds in a more transverse direction from the vagus nerve to the larynx).

Arch of aorta

39
Q

Lymph drainage of the thyroid gland

A

> Prelaryngeal nodes to the upper cervical lymph nodes (Upper part part of the gland)

> Preteacheal and paratracheal nodes to the lower cervical lymph nodes (Upper part part of the gland)

40
Q

Nerve supply of the thyroid glandn

A

Middle cervical ganglion (main)
Superior and Inferior cervical ganglion

Theses ganglions are secretomotor

41
Q

What are the 2 types of secretory cells that makes up the thyroid gland

A
  1. Follicular cells
  2. Parafollicular cells
42
Q

What hormones do the follicular cells secrete

A

Tri-iodothyronin
Tetra- iodothyronin (throxin)

This hormones stimulate basic metabolic rate, somatic and psychic function of an individual.

43
Q

What lines the follicles of the thyroid gland

A

Follicular cells

44
Q

Location of the parafollicular cells

A

Between the follicles

45
Q

What is the hormone that parafollicular cells secrete and what’s the function?

A

Thyrocalcitonin

Promote deposition of calcium salts in skeletal, muscular tissues. Tends to produce hypocalcemia.

Parathormone effects are opposite of the throcalcitonin

46
Q

Where does the thyroid gland develop from

A

The median endordermal thyroid diverticulum (check slide to learn this by heart)

47
Q

Remnant of the thyroglossalnduct may form

A

Thyroglossal cyst or fistula

48
Q

Sure that thyroid gland am an be found in (anomaly)

A

Lingual
Suprahyoid
Infrahyoid
Retrohyoid
Retrosternal

49
Q

Hypothyroidism causes —— in infants and —— in adults

A

Cretinism
Myxoedema

50
Q

The false capsule is attached to hat structures

A

Hyoid bone
Thyroid cartilage
Cricoid cartilage

51
Q

The nerves related to the superior and inferior thyroid arteries, how are they ligated?

A

Check page 19-23 of the 39 pages slide

52
Q

Where can the thyroidae ima artery arise from

A

Brachiocephalic trunk, left common carotid artery or directly from arch of aorta

53
Q

Clinical correlation relating to thyroidea ima artery

A

Page 25 of the 39 pages slide

54
Q

The superior thyroid veins drain into where

A

UJV or facial vein

55
Q

Middle thyroid veins drains where

A

IJV

56
Q

Clinical correlation of inferior thyroid vein (check)

A

Page 28-29 of the 39 pages slide

57
Q

What type of gland is the parathyroid gland?

A

Endocrine gland

58
Q

Location of parathyroid gland and size

A

Posterior to the thyroid gland between its capsule and fascial sheath.

O.5cm X 0.8cm ovoids.
Size of a small pea

59
Q

Function of parathyroid gland

A

Plays important role in calcium metabolism. Secrets parathormone that mobilizes bone calcium to blood and increases the absorption of calcium from gut and kidneys

60
Q

The position of superior parathyroid gland is more constant than that of the inferior, true or false

A

True

61
Q

Blood supply of the parathyroid gland

A

Superior and inferior thyroid arteries

Head (anatomy) (19 decks)

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