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Head (anatomy) > Osteology Of Skull > Flashcards

Osteology Of Skull Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 parts of the skull

A

Neurocranium and viscerocranium

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2
Q

What is neurocranium

A

The bony covering of the brain and the membranous covering (the cranial meninges)

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3
Q

Contents of the neurocranium

A

Proximal part of the cranial nerves and vasculature of the brain

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4
Q

The 2 Parts of the neurocranium

A
  1. A dome-like roof called the calvaria or skull cap
  2. A floor or cranial base called the basicranium.
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5
Q

In adults the neurocranium is formed by how many bones

A

8 (four singular bones and two bilateral paired bones)

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6
Q

What are the 8 bones of the neurocranium

A

Singular (SOFE)
-Sphnenoidal
-Occipital
-Frontal
-Ethmoidal

Bilaterally paired (PT)
-Parietal
-Temporal

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7
Q

Viscerocranium comprises of what bones

A

Fascial bones (forms the anterior part of the cranium). It consists of bones surrounding the mouth (upper and lower jaw), nasal cavity and most of the orbits (eye sockets or orbital cavities).

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8
Q

How many bones make up the viscerocranium

A

15 irregular bones (3 are singular and 6 are bilaterally paired)

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9
Q

What are the 3 singular viscerocranium bones

A

VEM
- Vomer
- Ethmoidal
- Mandible

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10
Q

What are the 6 bilaterally paired viscerocranial bones

A

My Inner Zip Pointed Lateral North
1. Maxillae
2. Inferior nasal conchae
3. Zygomatic
4. Palatine
5. Lacrimal
6. Nasal bones

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11
Q

What viscerocranial bones house the teeth

A

Maxillae and mandible

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12
Q

What viscerocranial bone forms the greatest part of the upper fascial skeleton, forms the skeleton of the upper jaw and is fixed to the cranial base

A

Maxillae

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13
Q

What forms the skeleton of the lower jaw

A

Mandible

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14
Q

Why is mandible moveable

A

Because it articulates with the cranial base at the temporomandibular joints (TMJs)

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15
Q

What makes up the anterior or frontal or fascial part of the

A

Frontal bone, zygomatic bones, orbits, nasal region, mandible and maxillae

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16
Q

What bones do the frontal bone articulate with

A

Nasal, zygomatic, ethmoid, sphenoid, lacrimal.

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17
Q

The alveolar process of the maxillae includes

A

The tooth sockets called the alveoli and it houses the maxillary teeth.

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18
Q

What bones do the maxillary bones articulate with anteriorly and laterally

A

Frontal bone and zygomatic bone

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19
Q

Shape of the mandible

A

U-shaped

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20
Q

The alveolar process of the mandible supports the

A

Mandibles teeth

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21
Q

The 2 parts of the mandible

A

Body (horizontal part)
Ramus (vertical part)

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22
Q

Location of the mental foramina

A

Inferior to the 2nd premolar teeth

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23
Q

What passes through the mental foramina

A

Mental nerves and vessels

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24
Q

Infraorbital foramen is located where and what passes through it

A

On the maxilla
Infraorbital nerve and vessel

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25
Q

What passes the supraorbital foramen

A

Supraorbital nerves and vessels

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26
Q

What passes the zygomaticofascial foramen

A

Zygomaticofascial nerve

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27
Q

What is injury to the supercilliary arches

A

Check slide

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28
Q

What is malar flush

A

Check slide

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29
Q

The superior aspect of the skull is called

A

Calvaria or skull cap

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30
Q

What are the bones forming the e superior part of the skull

A

Frontal bone (unpaired)
Parietal bone (paired)
Occipital bone (unpaired)

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31
Q

The frontal bone articulates with the parietal bones at the what

A

Coronal suture

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32
Q

The two parietal bones articulate with each other at what suture

A

Sagittal suture

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33
Q

The parietal bones articulate with the occipital bone at what suture

A

Lambdoid suture

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34
Q

The most superior part of the skull that is near to the midpoint of the sagittal bone is what

A

Vertex

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35
Q

The intersection between the CoronAl suture and the sagittal suture is called

A

Bregma

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36
Q

The junction between the sagittal suture and the lambdoid suture is called the

A

Lambda

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37
Q

What passes the parietal foramen on the parietal bones

A

Emissary veins

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38
Q

The region of the skull between the two parietal foramina where the closure of the sagittal suture usually begin

A

Obelion

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39
Q

What is depressed fracture of the calvaria

A

Check your slide

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40
Q

What is the most frequent type of calvarial fracture

A

Linear calvarial fracture

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41
Q

Types of calvarial fracture

A

Depressed fracture
Linear calvarial fracture
Comminuted fracture
Contrecoup or countercoup fracture
Basilar fracture

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42
Q

Obliteration of fracture begins at where

A

Bregma and continues sequentially in the sagittal, coronal and lambdoid suture

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43
Q

Obliteration of the sutures between bone of the calvaria begin between what age

A

Begins at age 30 and 40 years on the internal surface and approximately 10 years later on the external surface

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44
Q

The halves of the frontal bone of a new born is separated by

A

Frontal suture

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45
Q

The frontal and parietal bones of a new born are separated by

A

Coronal suture

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46
Q

The maxillae of a newborn baby are separated by

A

Intermaxillary suture

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47
Q

The two halves of the mandible of a new born are separated by

A

Mandibular symphysis

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48
Q

The mandible of a newborn begins fusion during ————— year and ends at what year ———-

A

1st year
2nd year

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49
Q

At birth, there is mastoid and styloid process. True or false

A

False

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50
Q

The mastoid process gradually forms at what year

A

1st year

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51
Q

What are frontanelles

A

They are membranous intervals that separates the bones of the calvaria of a newborn infant

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52
Q

How many frontanelles are present during infancy; name them

A

6
Posterior
Anterior
Paired sphenoidal
Paired mastoid frontanelles

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53
Q

What is the largest frontanelle

A

Anterior frontanelle

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54
Q

What is the shape of the anterior frontanelle

A

Diamond or star shaped

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55
Q

Why are the boundaries of the anterior frontanelle

A

Anteriorly by: two halves of the frontal bone.
Posteriorly: parietal bones.

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56
Q

Location of the anterior frontanelle

A

Junction of sagittal, coronal and frontal sutures (the future Bregma).

57
Q

When does the anterior frontanelle close

A

18th month of age (the surrounding bones have fused and the anterior frontanelle os not clinically palpable)

58
Q

When does the frontal bone begin to fuse

A

In the 2nd year

59
Q

When is the frontal suture obliterated

A

The 8th year

60
Q

In ~ 8% of people, the remnant of the frontal suture persists an what?

A

Metopic suture

61
Q

What is the shape of the posterior frontanelle?

A

Triangular shape

62
Q

Boundary of the posterior frontanelle

A

Anteriorly: the parietal bones
Posteriorly: the occipital bone

63
Q

Location of the posterior frontanelle

A

The junction of the lambdoid and sagittal suture (future lambda).

64
Q

When does the posterior frontanelle close

A

Begins closure during the first few months after birth and the 1st year. It’s small and no longer clinically palpable.

65
Q

Location of the sphenoid and mastoid fontanelles

A

Overlain the temporal muscle

66
Q

When does the sphenoid and the mastoid frontanelle fuse

A

During infancy

67
Q

The two maxillae and nasal bones usually don’t fuse. True or false

A

True

68
Q

What makes the calvaria of cranial bones change shape (mold) during child birth?

A

The softness of their cranial bones and the loosed connections at their sutures and frontanelles.

69
Q

What happens to the calvaria during the passage of fetus through the birth canal?

A

The frontal bone becomes flat, the occipital bone is drawn out and the parietal bones slightly overrides the other.

70
Q

What allows the cranial bones resist forces that would produce fractures in the adults

A

The resilience of the cranial bone

71
Q

When does the shape of the calvaria return back to normal after undergoing molding.

A

Few days after birth

72
Q

What permits the calvaria to enlarge during infancy and childhood

A

The fibrous suture

73
Q

The increase in the size of the calvaria is greatest at what age

A

During the first two years of life (the period of the most rapid brain development).

74
Q

The normal capacity of the calvaria increases for how many years

A

15-16 years

75
Q

After the increase is size of the calvaria after the first 2 years then the next 15-16 years, the calvaria usually increase in size for another 3-4 years because of what

A

Bone thickening

76
Q

What is craniosynostosis

A

Premature closure of the cranial sutures

77
Q

Premature closure of the sagittal suture (in which the anterior frontanelle is small and results in a long wedge-shaped cranium) leads to

A

Scaphocephaly

78
Q

Premature closure of the coronal or lambdoid suture (occurs in one side only) results in

A

Plagiocephaly

79
Q

Premature closure of the coronal suture results in a high,,tower-like cranium called

A

Oxycephally or turricephaly

80
Q

Oxycephaly or turricephaly is most common in

A

Females

81
Q

Premature closure of the sutures usually don’t affect brain development, True or false

A

True

82
Q

Composition of the lateral part of the neurocranium

A

Frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital and sphenoid.

83
Q

What are the bones forming the visible part of the facial or viscerocranial

A

Zygomatic, nasal, mandible and maxillae

84
Q

What are the of main features of the neurocranium

A

Temporal fossa, external auditory meatus and mastoid process of temporal bone.

85
Q

What are the main features of the viscerocranium.

A

Infratemporal fossa, zygomatic arch, lateral aspect of mandible and maxilla

86
Q

Where is the pterion on

A

The junction where the frontal, parietal, temporal and greater wing of sphenoid bone meet. It’s usually indicated by a H-shaped formation of sutures

87
Q

Why is pterion area on important?

A

Because it overlies the middles meninges artery

88
Q

What happens when the pterion becomes fractured

A

It can rupture the anterior branch of the middle meningeal artery which can lead to hematoma and this hematoma can exert pressure on the underlying cerebral cortex. If the rupture is left untreated, it can cause hemorrhage and lead to death in a few hours.

89
Q

Boundaries of the infratemporal fossa

A

Superiorly: inferior surface of the greater wing of the sphenoid bone
Inferiorly: Superiorborder of the body of the mandible
Anteriorly: posterior surface of the maxilla.
Posteriorly: Styloid process and external auditory meatus
Laterally: zygomatic arch and ramus of mandible.
Medially: lateral pterygoid plate of the sphenoid bone.

90
Q

The point where the superior temporal line cuts the coronal suture is called what

A

Stephanion

91
Q

The junction (wheee they meet) between these three sutures: parietomastoid, occipitomastoid and lambdoid suture is called the

A

Asterion

92
Q

What bones make up the posterior part of the skull

A

Occipital bone
Parts of parietal bones
Temporal bones(mastoid part)

93
Q

The most prominent part of the external occipital protuberance is called the

A

Inion

94
Q

What is the distance of the inferior Michael lines from the superior Michael lines

A

1 inch (2.5cm)

95
Q

Along the lambdoid suture are what bones

A

Sutural or wormian bones

96
Q

How many depressions/fossae do we have on the internal surface of the cranial base

A

3
Anterior, middle and posterior cranial fossae

97
Q

Which cranial fossae is at the highest level and the shallowest

A

Anterior cranial fossa

98
Q

What sits in the floor of the anterior cranial fossa

A

Frontal lobe of the cerebral hemispheres

99
Q

What sits on the floor of the lateral portion of the middle cranial fossa

A

Temporal lobe

100
Q

What sits on the midline of the middle cranial fossa

A

Pituitary gland or hypophysis

101
Q

What is the lowest/ deepest part of cranial base

A

Posterior cranial fossa

102
Q

What sits on the anterior portion of the floor of the posterior cranial fossa

A

Brainstem

103
Q

Brainstem is made up of

A

Midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata

104
Q

What occupies the rest of the posterior cranial fossa

A

Cerebellar hemispheres

105
Q

The occipital lobe sits on the floor of the posterior cranial fossa. True or false

A

False

106
Q

The cerebellum sits on the floor of the posterior cranial fossa. True or false

A

True

107
Q

What bones forms the anterior cranial fossa?

A

Frontal bone in the anterior and lateral directions.
Ethmoidal bone in the middle
The 2 parts of Sphenoid bone in the posterior part

108
Q

The part of the frontal bone in the anterior cranial fossa

A

Orbital surface

109
Q

What are the two parts of sphenoid bone in the anterior cranial fossa

A

Jugum
Lesser wing of sphenoid

110
Q

The cribiform plate of the Ethmoid bone has numerous tiny foramina that transmits what from the olfactory area of the nasal cavity to the olfactory bulb of the brain

A

Olfactory nerve (CN1)

111
Q

What does the frontal cecum transmit (when open) from the nose to the superior sagittal sinus?
What is the clinical importance or this?

A

Emissary vein

Infections from the nose and other areas can be transmitted to the meninges and the brain.

112
Q

What two structures passes through the optic canal as they exit the cranial cavity to enter the orbit?

A

Optic nerve (CN II) and ophthalmic artery.

113
Q

The optic canals are usually included in the middle cranial fossa, true or false

A

True

114
Q

What is the shape of the middle cranial fossa

A

Butterfly-shaped

115
Q

What separates the anterior cranial fossa from the middle cranial fossa both laterally and centrally

A

Laterally: sphenoidal crest
Centrally: sphenoid limbus

116
Q

What forms the posterior boundary of the jugum and anterior border of the prechiasmatic sulcus

A

Sphenoid limbus

117
Q

Prechiamatic groove of bounded Posteriorly by

A

Tubercullum sella

118
Q

What bones form the middle cranial fossa

A

Parts of the sphenoid bone
Parts of the temporal bone

119
Q

The part of the sphenoid bone that forms the middle cranial fossa are

A

Sella turcica (part of the body of the sphenoid bone)
Greater wing of the sphenoid bone laterally

120
Q

How many parts of sella turcica do we heave, name them

A

3
Tuberculum sella (anterior wall)
Hypophyseal fossa (houses the pituitary gland)
Dorsum sella (Posterior wall)

121
Q

On each side of the body of the sphenoid are how many foraminas, name them?

A

4
Superior orbital fissure
Foramen rotundum
Foramen ovals
Foramen spinosum

122
Q

What passes the superior orbital fissure

A

Cranial nerves III, IV, VI (occulomor, trochlear, abducens)
Ophthalmic division of trigeminal nerve (V1)
Ophthalmic vein

123
Q

What passes the foramen rotundum?

A

Maxillary branch of trigeminal nerve (V2)

124
Q

What passes through the foramen ovale

A

Mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve (V3)
Accessory meningeal artery
Lesser petrosal nerve

125
Q

What passes through the foramen spinosum

A

Middle meningeal artery
Meningeal branch of mandibular nerve

126
Q

What are the parts of the temporal bone that forms the middles cranial fossa

A

Squamous part laterally
Petrous part medially

127
Q

What grooves are on the Petrous part is the temporal bone l.

A

Groove for greater and lesser Petrous mAl nerve

128
Q

I life, foramenmlacerum is closed by the

A

A cartilage plate and The passage of some meningeal arterial branches and small veins

129
Q

What forms the boundary between the middle and posterior cranial fossa?

A

Superior part of Petrous part of the temporal bone laterally and
Dorsum sellae (flat plate of bone) of the sphenoid bone medially.

130
Q

Which is the largest of the 3 cranial fossa?

A

Posterior cranial fossa

131
Q

What does the posterior cranial fossa lodge?

A

Brainstem (pons, midbrain and medulla oblongata)

132
Q

What bones form the posterior cranial fossa

A

Occipital bone and temporal bone

133
Q

The slope that extends from the Dorsum sella to the foramen magnum is called

A

The clivus

134
Q

What passes through the internal acoustic meatus

A

CN VII and CN VII ( fascial and vestibulocochlear nerve)

135
Q

What passes through the jugular foramen

A

CN IX- Glossopharyngeal nerve
CN X- Vagus nerve
CN XI- Accesory nerve
2 venous structures
1. The dura venous sinus from the posterior side of the sigmoid sinus .
2. The inferior Petrousal sinus from the anterior side of the sigmoid sinus

136
Q

Fusion of the dura sinus and inferior petrousal sinus forms the

A

Internal jugular vein

137
Q

What passes through the hypoglossal canal

A

Hypoglossal nerve CN XII

138
Q

What passes through the foramen magnum?

A

-Spinal cord (which is continuous with the medulla oblongata
- Two vertebral arteries
- Spinal contribution of accessory nerve (spinal accessory nerve)

Head (anatomy) (19 decks)

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