Thyroid A&P Flashcards

1
Q

what is the normal size of the thyroid gland in an adult in SAG?

A

SAG 4-5 cm

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2
Q

what is the normal size of the thyroid gland in an adult in TRV?

A

TRV 1-2 cm

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3
Q

what is the normal size of the thyroid in AP?

A

AP 1-2 cm

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4
Q

what is the NL size of the isthmus in AP?

A

AP 2-6 mm

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5
Q

what vessels run lateral to the thyroid (TRV)?

A

CCA & jugular vein

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6
Q

what structure lies medial to the thyroid (TRV)?

A

trachea

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7
Q

what muscles lie anterior to the trachea (TRV)?

A

strap muscles:
sternothyroid
sternohyoid
sternocleidomastoid

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8
Q

what structures lie posterior to the trachea (TRV)?

A

longus colli muscle
minor neurovascular bundle

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9
Q

what does the major neurovascular bundle consist of?

A

CCA
internal jugular vein
vagus nerve

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10
Q

what does the minor neurovascular bundle consist of?

A

inferior thyroid artery
recurrent laryngeal nerve

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11
Q

what structure lies to the left of midline posteromedial to left lobe?

A

esophagus

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12
Q

how do you confirm you are imaging the esophagus vs. pathology?

A

ask patient to swallow. if it changes shape, it’s most likely esophagus.
also image in both planes.

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13
Q

what are some functions of the thyroid gland?

A
  1. endocrine gland – synthesizes, stores, secretes hormones
  2. regulates cell metabolism
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14
Q

what are 3 thyroid hormones?

A
  1. thyroxine (T4)
  2. triiodothyronine (T3)
  3. calcitonin
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15
Q

where are the superior parathyroid glands?

A

posterior to the upper poles of the thyroid

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16
Q

where are the inferior parathyroid glands?

A

posterior to the inferior poles of the thyroid

17
Q

the parathyroid glands are lateral to the CCA. T/F?

A

false – they are medial

18
Q

where are the parathyroid glands compared to the longus colli muscle?

A

the parathyroid glands lie anterior to the longus colli muscle

19
Q

normal size of the parathyroid glands?

20
Q

what hormone is secreted by the parathyroid gland and what does it do?

A

parathyroid hormone (PTH) regulates calcium levels in blood and bone

21
Q

a decrease in calcium may be a sign of parathyroid adenoma. T/F?

A

false. an INCREASE in calcium may be a sign of parathyroid adenoma

22
Q

what are 3 congenital variants of the thyroid & parathyroid?

A
  1. pyramidal lobe
  2. ectopic thyroid
  3. ectopic parathyroid
23
Q

what is a pyramidal lobe?

A

a variant of the thyroid gland that looks like a finger-like extension of the isthmus

24
Q

which side does the pyramidal lobe usually extend from?

25
what is the percentage of the population that may have a pyramidal lobe?
15-30%
26
what is the echogenicity of the pyramidal lobe compared to the thyroid gland?
isoechoic
27
where is an ectopic thyroid most commonly found?
in the lingual location
28
where is an ectopic parathyroid most commonly found?
axilla mediastinum more superior or inferior to original location
29
a cold nodule of photon deficient area on nuclear medicine is an indication to get a thyroid US. T/F?
true
30
other thyroid imaging modalities?
1. xray 2. ct 3. mri 4. nuclear medicine
31
what do hot nodules in nuclear medicine mean for thyroid US?
hyperfunctioning thyroid absorbing large amounts of the isotope
32
do hot nodules indicate benign or malignant tumors in the thyroid?
usually benign
33
what do cold nodules in nuclear medicine mean for thyroid US?
hypofunctioning thyroid absorbing little or no isotope
34
what are the chances a solitary cold nodule could indicate malignancy?
15-20%