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Thyroid Flashcards

1
Q

Number of thyroid lobes

A

2, fused by the isthmus

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2
Q

Blood supply of thyroid gland

A

Superior and inferior thyroid arteries

Venous drainage via venous plexus (superior, middle, and inferior thyroid veins) into internal jugular vein

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3
Q

Innervation of thyroid gland

A

Middle/inferior cervical ganglion (sympathetic NS)

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4
Q

Extracellular storage of T3/T4 and thyroglobulin

A

Colloid

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5
Q

Two required precursors for thyroid synthesis

A

Thyroglobulin (TG) and iodide

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6
Q

Explain the Wolff-Chaikoff effect

A

Autoregulation of iodide uptake. If too much dietary iodide is consumed, thyroid hormone production and gland transport is reduced

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7
Q

Iodide deficiency

A

Mental retardation

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8
Q

Iodide deficiency may lead to this condition

A

Mental retardation

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9
Q

What is the HPT axis?

A

Hypothalamus - pituitary - thalamus

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10
Q

Thyroid hormone regulation

A

HPT axis (paraventricular nucleus (PVN), TRH)

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11
Q

Pathway for T4/T3 synthesis

A

TRH → TSH → T4/T3

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12
Q

Thyroid hormone regulation

A

HPT axis

  • Hypothalamus (paraventricular nucleus (PVN), TRH)
  • Pituitary - thyrotropes (TSH)
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13
Q

Pathway for T4/T3 synthesis

A

TRH → TSH → T4/T3

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14
Q

Tonic inhibition of thyroid hormone

A

Somatostatin, dopamine

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15
Q

Iodide trapping → ______

A

Transport

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16
Q

Transport → _________

A

Iodination

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17
Q

Iodination → __________

A

Conjugation

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18
Q

Conjugation → __________

A

Endocytosis

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19
Q

Endocytosis → __________

A

Proteolysis

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20
Q

Proteolysis → ___________

A

Secretion

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21
Q

Common stimulator for all steps in thyroid hormone synthesis

22
Q

Thyroid hormone that binds with high affinity to receptor (but low capacity)

A

T3 (triiodothyronine)

23
Q

Thyroid hormone that binds with low affinity to receptor

A

T4 (thyroxine)

24
Q

Major form of thyroid hormone

A

T4 (longer half-life, about 7 days)

25
Major form of thyroid hormone
T4 (longer half-life, about 7 days)
26
Potency: T4 vs. T3
T3 is about 4x more potent
27
Inhibitor of thyroid peroxidase
Carbimazole (methimazole). Used as treatment for hyperthyroidism
28
Formation of T3
One MIT and two DIT residues
29
Normal iodide uptake %
25%
30
Hyperthyroidism (% uptake)
> 60%
31
Hypothyroidism (% uptake)
32
Graves' disease and thyroid function
Typically results in hyperthyroidism
33
Primary source of T3 in circulation
Type I deiodinase
34
Biological activity of rT3
None
35
The thyroid hormone "sensor" in the pituitary
Type II deiodinase
36
The thyroid hormone "sensor" in the pituitary
Type II deiodinase
37
Primary transport protein with thyroid hormone
TBG (thyroxine-binding globulin, about 70%)
38
Can TBG reversible release a thyroid hormone to target tissues?
Yes, T4
39
Thyroid hormone receptor affinity for T4/T3
High affinity, low capacity for T3 | Low affinity for T4
40
Receptor heterodimer that forms after binding of T3
THR & RXR (retinoic acid receptor)
41
T3 binds this receptor in target cells
THR
42
Iodine deficiency during development leads to short stature/impaired bone formation, mental retardation, and delayed motor development
Cretinism
43
This thyroid hormone increases cardiac output
T3
44
Hyperthyroidism may cause these cardiac anomalies
Arrythmias
45
Inhibitor of thyroid peroxidase (TP)
Carbimazole (methimazole). Used as treatment for hyperthyroidism
46
Hyperthyroidism may cause these cardiac anomalies
Arrythmias
47
Incidence of thyroid cancer
Women:men 3:1
48
Hyperthyroidism disease, elevated T4/3, autoimmune antibodies, diffuse goiters
Graves' Disease
49
Autoimmune destruction of thyroid follicles | Antibodies against TPO (thyroid peroxidase), TG
Hashimoto's thyroiditis
50
Emergency life situation, w/ hyperthyroid coupled with severe acute illness
Thyroid storm
51
Treatment for thyroid storm
PTU (acute) Carbimazole (methimazole) Beta blockers (restoration of heart function)

FHB (15 decks)

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