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FHB > Thyroid > Flashcards

Thyroid Flashcards

1
Q

Number of thyroid lobes

A

2, fused by the isthmus

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2
Q

Blood supply of thyroid gland

A

Superior and inferior thyroid arteries

Venous drainage via venous plexus (superior, middle, and inferior thyroid veins) into internal jugular vein

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3
Q

Innervation of thyroid gland

A

Middle/inferior cervical ganglion (sympathetic NS)

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4
Q

Extracellular storage of T3/T4 and thyroglobulin

A

Colloid

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5
Q

Two required precursors for thyroid synthesis

A

Thyroglobulin (TG) and iodide

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6
Q

Explain the Wolff-Chaikoff effect

A

Autoregulation of iodide uptake. If too much dietary iodide is consumed, thyroid hormone production and gland transport is reduced

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7
Q

Iodide deficiency

A

Mental retardation

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8
Q

Iodide deficiency may lead to this condition

A

Mental retardation

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9
Q

What is the HPT axis?

A

Hypothalamus - pituitary - thalamus

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10
Q

Thyroid hormone regulation

A

HPT axis (paraventricular nucleus (PVN), TRH)

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11
Q

Pathway for T4/T3 synthesis

A

TRH → TSH → T4/T3

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12
Q

Thyroid hormone regulation

A

HPT axis

  • Hypothalamus (paraventricular nucleus (PVN), TRH)
  • Pituitary - thyrotropes (TSH)
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13
Q

Pathway for T4/T3 synthesis

A

TRH → TSH → T4/T3

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14
Q

Tonic inhibition of thyroid hormone

A

Somatostatin, dopamine

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15
Q

Iodide trapping → ______

A

Transport

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16
Q

Transport → _________

A

Iodination

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17
Q

Iodination → __________

A

Conjugation

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18
Q

Conjugation → __________

A

Endocytosis

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19
Q

Endocytosis → __________

A

Proteolysis

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20
Q

Proteolysis → ___________

A

Secretion

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21
Q

Common stimulator for all steps in thyroid hormone synthesis

A

TSH

22
Q

Thyroid hormone that binds with high affinity to receptor (but low capacity)

A

T3 (triiodothyronine)

23
Q

Thyroid hormone that binds with low affinity to receptor

A

T4 (thyroxine)

24
Q

Major form of thyroid hormone

A

T4 (longer half-life, about 7 days)

25
Q

Major form of thyroid hormone

A

T4 (longer half-life, about 7 days)

26
Q

Potency: T4 vs. T3

A

T3 is about 4x more potent

27
Q

Inhibitor of thyroid peroxidase

A

Carbimazole (methimazole). Used as treatment for hyperthyroidism

28
Q

Formation of T3

A

One MIT and two DIT residues

29
Q

Normal iodide uptake %

A

25%

30
Q

Hyperthyroidism (% uptake)

A

> 60%

31
Q

Hypothyroidism (% uptake)

A
32
Q

Graves’ disease and thyroid function

A

Typically results in hyperthyroidism

33
Q

Primary source of T3 in circulation

A

Type I deiodinase

34
Q

Biological activity of rT3

A

None

35
Q

The thyroid hormone “sensor” in the pituitary

A

Type II deiodinase

36
Q

The thyroid hormone “sensor” in the pituitary

A

Type II deiodinase

37
Q

Primary transport protein with thyroid hormone

A

TBG (thyroxine-binding globulin, about 70%)

38
Q

Can TBG reversible release a thyroid hormone to target tissues?

A

Yes, T4

39
Q

Thyroid hormone receptor affinity for T4/T3

A

High affinity, low capacity for T3

Low affinity for T4

40
Q

Receptor heterodimer that forms after binding of T3

A

THR & RXR (retinoic acid receptor)

41
Q

T3 binds this receptor in target cells

A

THR

42
Q

Iodine deficiency during development leads to short stature/impaired bone formation, mental retardation, and delayed motor development

A

Cretinism

43
Q

This thyroid hormone increases cardiac output

A

T3

44
Q

Hyperthyroidism may cause these cardiac anomalies

A

Arrythmias

45
Q

Inhibitor of thyroid peroxidase (TP)

A

Carbimazole (methimazole). Used as treatment for hyperthyroidism

46
Q

Hyperthyroidism may cause these cardiac anomalies

A

Arrythmias

47
Q

Incidence of thyroid cancer

A

Women:men 3:1

48
Q

Hyperthyroidism disease, elevated T4/3, autoimmune antibodies, diffuse goiters

A

Graves’ Disease

49
Q

Autoimmune destruction of thyroid follicles

Antibodies against TPO (thyroid peroxidase), TG

A

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis

50
Q

Emergency life situation, w/ hyperthyroid coupled with severe acute illness

A

Thyroid storm

51
Q

Treatment for thyroid storm

A

PTU (acute)
Carbimazole (methimazole)
Beta blockers (restoration of heart function)

FHB (15 decks)

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