Repro 4 - Pregnancy

Question 1

Use of this by athletes would increase FSH, LH, and testosterone

Answer 1

Clomiphene (Clomid)

- Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERM); antagonist

Question 2

Absence of menses in female by age 17

Answer 2

Primary amenorrhea

Question 3

Cessation of menstruation for longer than 6 months

Answer 3

Secondary amenorrhea

Question 4

Infrequent periods (cycles longer than 5 weeks)

Answer 4

Oligomenorrhea

Question 5

Painful menses from uterine contractions

Answer 5

Dysmenorrhea

Question 6

Inappropriately heavy hair growth in androgen sensitive areas

Answer 6

Hirsutism

Question 7

Inappropriately heavy hair growth in androgen sensitive areas PLUS more pronounced evidence of androgen stimulation

Answer 7

Virilization

Question 8

Abdominal bloating, extreme fatigue, breast tenderness, labile mood are all symptoms of this

Answer 8

PMS (premenstrual syndrome)

Question 9

Trace pathway in PCOS (polycystic ovarian syndrome)

Answer 9

High insulin → increased androgen production (infertility) and conversion to estrogens (weight gain) → impaired follicle development → degeneration of follicles into cysts

Question 10

Treatments for PCOS

Answer 10

Metformin (suppresses glucose production in the liver)
Clomiphene (Clomid)
Weight loss
Smoking cessation

Question 11

Removal/modification of protein coat prepares the sperm for the acrosomal reaction

Answer 11

Capacitation

Question 12

Release of proteolytic enzymes that disperse granulosa cells and permit sperm attachment to zona pellucida and penetration

Answer 12

Acrosomal reaction

Question 13

Binding event that causes IP3-mediated release of Ca2+ in egg

Answer 13

ZP3 receptors from sperm → ZP3 on egg

Question 14

Increases velocity and direction of sperm

Answer 14

cGMP, via ANP and NO

Question 15

Increases endometrial thickening, potentially improving fertility

Answer 15

Sildenafil vaginal suppositories