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FHB > Metabolism/Glycolysis Review (57/58) > Flashcards

Metabolism/Glycolysis Review (57/58) Flashcards

1
Q

Liver: fuel preference

A

fatty acids, glucose, amino acids

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2
Q

Skeletal muscle: fuel preference (at rest)

A

fatty acids

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3
Q

Skeletal muscle: fuel preference (exertion)

A

glucose

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4
Q

Heart muscle: fuel preference

A

fatty acids

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5
Q

Brain: fuel preference (fed state)

A

glucose

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6
Q

Brain: fuel preference (starvation)

A

ketone bodies/glucose

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7
Q

Carbs: kcal/g (dry)

A

4

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8
Q

Protein: kcal/g (dry)

A

4

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9
Q

Fat: kcal/g (dry)

A

9

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10
Q

Threshold for hypoglycemia, fasting conditions

A

60 mg / 100 mL

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11
Q

Insulin promotes what, in relation to glucose?

A

Glycogenesis (glucose → glycogen)
Glycolysis (glucose → lactate (into CAC))

Fed states

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12
Q

Glucagon / epinephrine promote what, in relation to glucose?

A

Glycogenolysis (glycogen → glucose)
Gluconeogenesis (lactate → glucose)

Fasting states

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13
Q

Hexokinase location in tissue

A

Present in all cell types

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14
Q

Inhibitor of hexokinase

A

Glucose-6-phosphate (G6P); feedback inhibition

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15
Q

Levels of hexokinase

A

Constant, non-inducible

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16
Q

Is hexokinase saturated at low glucose concentrations

A

Yes

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17
Q

Glucokinase location in tissue

A

Liver and pancreas

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18
Q

Inhibitor of glucokinase

A

Fructose-6P; translocates glucokinase to the nucleus (inactive)

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19
Q

Active/inactive locations of glucokinase

A

Nucleus: inactive
Cytosol: active

20
Q

Up-regulator of GK activity?

A

Glucose (promotes translocation to nucleus)

21
Q

Chronic hyperglycemia level

A

110+ mg / 100 mL (leads to insulin resistance and beta cell dysfunction)

22
Q

Glucose utilization of brain, per day

A

120 g glucose / day

23
Q

Glucose utilization of muscle tissue, per day

A

40 g glucose / day

24
Q

Glycolysis end product (anaerobic)

A

Lactate

25
Q

Glycolysis end product (aerobic)

A

CAC (pyruvate (in mitochondria) → acetyl CoA → lactate)

26
Q

Stages of glycolysis

A 
Priming stage (ATP investment)
Splitting stage (fructose 1,6 bisphosphate can be converted to 2 molecules, further generating pyruvate)
Oxidoreduction - phosphorylation stage (ATP earnings; happens twice because of splitting stage)
27
Q

NAD+ conversion to NADH happens at which stage of glycolysis

A

Immediately after splitting stage

28
Q

What does the NAD+ conversion to NADH catalyze?

A

Conversion of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate to 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate

29
Q

Participates in NAD+ conversion to NADH

A

Dehydrogenase

30
Q

Key, irreversible enzymes for glycolysis/gluconeogenesis

A

Hexokinase/glucokinase
PFK-1
Pyruvate kinase

31
Q

Levels of glucokinase

A

Inducible; synthesis is increased by insulin

32
Q

Glucokinase affinity (Km)

A

Low; not saturated at physiological glucose concentrations

33
Q

Pyruvate carboxylase genetic deficiency

A

Increased levels of alanine, lactate, and pyruvate

34
Q

PDH genetic deficiency

A

Increased circulatory levels of pyruvate and lactate

35
Q

NAD+ must be regenerated to maintain __________

A

Glycolytic flux

Functions as coenzyme in oxidation reaction

36
Q

Anaerobic respiration replenishment of NAD+

A

Lactate dehydrogenase

Reduction reaction, leading to lactate or EtOH production

37
Q

Aerobic respiration replenishment of NAD+

A

Metabolite shuttle system (NADH cannot pass mitochondrial membrane)

38
Q

Two types of NAD+ shuttles for regeneration

A

Malate-asparate shuttle

Glycerol-phosphate shuttle

39
Q

Function of pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH)

A

Catalyzes conversion of pyruvate and CoASH (coenzyme A) to AcCoA (acetyl CoA)

40
Q

Vitamin cofactors required to activate PDH

A

Thiamine (B1): PDH-E1 and Thiamine PPi
Riboflavin (B2): Dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase E3 and FAD
Niacin (B3): Dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase E3 and FAD

Pantothenate (B5): Dihydrolipoyl transacetylase E2 and lipoate CoA

41
Q

Lactate dehydrogenase A deficiency (LDHA)

A

Insufficient levels of lactate dehydrogenase leads to lower levels of NAD+, limiting flux through the glyceraldehyde-3-P dehydrogenase reaction

42
Q

Glycolysis net gain (ATP)

A

2 ATP, 2 pyruvate

43
Q

Lactate formation is favored in _________

A

anaerobic conditions

44
Q

Low levels of NADH leads to ________

A

Decreased lactate formation

45
Q

Galactosemia is caused by a deficiency in one of these two enzymes

A

Galactokinase

Galactose 1-phosphate uridyltransferase (classic, most common, most severe)

46
Q

Deficiency in aldolase B

A

Hereditary fructose intolerance

FHB (15 decks)

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