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year two - ENT > throat infections > Flashcards

throat infections Flashcards

1
Q

what is pharngitis

A

simple sore throat

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2
Q

pharyngitis causes

A

usually viral (adenovirus, rhinovirus)

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3
Q

pharyngitis presentation

A
  • upper respiratory tract infection -> cough, nasal congestion and rhinorrhoea
  • on examination -> tonsils look normal
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4
Q

pharyngitis management

A

rest and analgesia

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5
Q

what is tonsillitis

A

throat infection that involves palatine tonsils

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6
Q

tonsillitis causes

A
  • usually viral
  • bacterial causes -> group A strep, H. influenzae
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7
Q

name 5 tonsillitis complications

A
  • sinusitis
  • otitis media
  • scarlet fever
  • peritonsillar abscess (Quinsy)
  • post-infective glomerulonephritis
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8
Q

scarlet fever presentation

A
  • usually occurs within 3 weeks
  • strawberry tongue
  • red and rough textured rash on armpits, chest and groin that’s worse in the skin folds
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9
Q

scarlet fever management

A

antibiotics

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10
Q

peritonsillar abscess (Quinsy) presentation

A
  • odynophagia
  • hot potato voice
  • trismus
  • on examination -> unilaterally large tonsil with deviation of uvula
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11
Q

peritonsillar abscess (Quinsy) management

A

IV antibiotics and surgical drainage, tonsillectomy considered in 6 weeks

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12
Q

tonsillitis presentation

A
  • sore throat
  • halitosis
  • dysphagia (and possible odynophagia)
  • earache -> referred pain for CN IX
  • bacterial infection -> more severe symptoms and more likely to result in missing school/work
  • on examination -> enlarged tonsils with possible exudate (-> more likely to be bacterial)
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13
Q

what is Centor Criteria

A
  • used to determine likelihood of bacterial infection and need for antibiotics
  • fever, no cough, enlarged tonsils with exudate, tender anterior cervical lymphadenopathy
  • score > 3 -> bacterial infection more likely -> antibiotics
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14
Q

tonsillitis management (viral)

A

bed rest, hydration and analgesia

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15
Q

tonsillitis management (bacterial, able to swallow)

A
  • 1st line: penicillin
  • 2nd line: clarithromycin
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16
Q

tonsillitis management (bacterial, unable to swallow)

A
  • 1st line: benzylpenicillin
  • 2nd line: clarithromycin
17
Q

tonsillectomy complications

A

pain, bleeding and infection

18
Q

indication for tonsillectomy

A
  • > 7 episodes in one year
  • > 5 episodes per year in 2 consecutive years
  • > 3 episodes per year in 3 consecutive years
19
Q

infectious mononucleosis (glandular fever) causes

A
  • Epstein Barr Virus
  • can also be caused by cytomegalovirus and HHV 6
20
Q

what should patients with infectious mononucleosis avoid immediate return to contact sports

A

risk of splenic rupture

21
Q

infectious mononucleosis presentation

A

sore throat and
- fatigue, malaise and lethargy
- transient macular rash
- petechial rash on palate
- lymphadenopathy for > 4 weeks
- associated with hepatitis, splenomegaly and anaemia
- on examination -> bilateral tonsillar enlargement with membranous exudate and possible hepatosplenomegaly

22
Q

infectious mononucleosis diangosis

A
  • blood film showing atypical lymphocytes
  • positive monospot
  • Paul Burnell test
23
Q

infectious mononucleosis management

A
  • supportive
  • antibiotics not indicated
24
Q

what will the use of ampicillin containing antibiotics (e.g. amoxicillin) cause in patients with infectious mononucleosis

A

widespread, generalised macro-papular rash

25
Q

what is oral thrush

A

fungal infection with candida

26
Q

name 4 risk factors for oral thrush

A
  • HIV
  • diabetes
  • inhaled steroids
  • chemotherapy
27
Q

oral thrush presentation

A

sore throat with typical white patches that can be scraped off and possible angular stomatitis

28
Q

oral thrush diagnosis

A

throat swab

29
Q

oral thrush management

A
  • nystatin liquid or miconazole gel or oral fluconazole
  • topical treatments continued for 7 days or for 2 days after symptom resolution
30
Q

what is diptheria caused by

A

Corynebacterium diphtheriae

31
Q

diphtheria presentation

A

tonsillitis and
- grey/white pseudo membrane over throat
- shock, neuropathy or cardiac compromise due to toxin release

32
Q

diptheria diagnosis

A

throat swab

33
Q

diptheria management

A
  • anti-toxin
  • possible antibiotics

year two - ENT (17 decks)

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