Throat anatomy

Question 1

how does the posterior cricoarytenoid cause vocal cord adduction

Answer 1

lateral rotation of the arytenoid cartilages to cause rima glottidis closure

Question 2

how does the lateral cricoarytenoid cause vocal cord abduction

Answer 2

medial rotation of the arytenoid cartilages to cause rima glottidis closure

Question 3

describe phonation

Answer 3

subglottal pressure increases to cross the vocal cords and causes vibration

Question 4

vocal cord tension causes

Answer 4

higher pitch

Question 5

vocal cord relation causes

Answer 5

lower pitch

Question 6

vocal cord adduction causes

Answer 6

quieter sound

Question 7

vocal cord abduction causes

Answer 7

louder sound

Question 8

innervation to intrinsic muscles of the larynx

Answer 8

inferior laryngeal branch of CN X

Question 9

describe the route of the vagus nerve

Answer 9

leaves medulla as rootlets
passes htrough jugular foramen and through carotid sheath
branch to superior/inferior laryngeal nerve
gives recurrent laryngeal by passing under arch of aorta/ R subclavian
passes post to hila and becomes vagus trunk and plexus around oesophagus

Question 10

what does the superior laryngeal branch of vagus supply

Answer 10

external is innervation to cricothyroid

internal is sensory innervation to internal larynx

Question 11

what is galens anastomosis

Answer 11

connection between superior and inferior laryngeal nerves

Question 12

what is the sensory supply to the larynx

Answer 12

mucosa above cords is by internal superior laryngeal

mucosa below is by inferior laryngeal

Question 13

what muscle of the larynx is NOT supplied by inferior laryngeal nerve

Answer 13

cricothyroid, innervated by superior laryngeal

Question 14

describe the involuntary cough reflex

Answer 14

sensory innervation detects something in larynx
conveyed to brainstem and glottic closure by lateral cricothyroid and arytenoid
increase in body cavity pressure by thoracic muscles and release of high pressure air

Question 15

clinical test of the pharynx

Answer 15

ask pt to sip water

Question 16

clinical test of the larynx

Answer 16

ask pt to speak

Question 17

clinical test of cough

Answer 17

ask pt to cough and assess power and function

Question 18

what lymph nodes would a supra glottic tumour drain to

Answer 18

superior deep cervical

Question 19

what lymph nodes would a glottic tumour spread to

Answer 19

stays on cords

Question 20

what lymph nodes would a sub-glottic tumour drain to

Answer 20

paratracheal

Question 21

what affects speech resonance?

Answer 21

pharynx, oral and nasal cavities

paranasal sinuses

Question 22

what causes articulation

Answer 22

soft palate tenses by V3 and elevates by X ro direct air through oral cavity
sound interrupted by tongue and teeth

Question 23

function on nasal cavities in speech

Answer 23

making M, N, -ing

depending on position of tongue, teeth and lips

Question 24

course of CN IX

Answer 24

leaves CNS at upper medulla and passes through jugular foramen
enters paraphaeyngeal space and lays on stylophaeyngeus
somatic motor to stylopharyngeus and enters mouth laterally

Question 25

following mouth innervation, CN IX has parasympathetic innervation. describe the course

Answer 25

passes through jugular foramen and gives off tympanic branch to reenter temporal bone supplies tympanic plexus and exits as lesser petrosal nerve via foramen ovale to synapse with otic ganglion with auriculotemporal nerve of CN V3

Question 26

chemo and barorecepts of carotid body travel via

Answer 26

CN IX

Question 27

glossopharyngeal supply to the tongue?

Answer 27

vallate papillae and post 1/3 tongue

Question 28

3 phases of swallow

Answer 28

oral phase pharyngeal phase oesophageal phase

Question 29

what occurs during the oral phase of swallow

Answer 29

mastication of food and mix with saliva intrinsic/extrinsic muscles malipulate food bolus and align with dentition/push against palate soft palate depresses to crease oropharyngeal seal and tongue ripples bolus posterior

Question 30

sensory/secretomotor innervation to the hard palate?

Answer 30

CN V2 and facial greater palatine nerve incisive branch of nasopalatine for hard palate on ant 4 incisors

Question 31

sensory supply to the soft palate

Answer 31

lesser palatine nerve | also motor to tensor veli palatini

Question 32

describe the course of CN XII and its innervation

Answer 32

extends from medulla and passes through hypoglossal canal descends close to carotid shealth and courses lateral to hyoglossus into floor of mouth supplies all muscles of tondue except palatoglossus

Question 33

describe the pharyngeal phas eof swallow q

Answer 33

soft palate elevates posterior pressure from tongue seals off laryngeal aditus by forcing epiglottis hyolaryngeal elevation by suprahyoid and langitudinal muscles sequential constriction of constrictors relaxation of cricopharyngeus

Question 34

describe the oesophageal phase of swallow

Answer 34

involuntary peristalsis moving food bolus to stomach

Question 35

what is the retropharyngeal space and why is it clinically relevant

Answer 35

space posterior to pharynx that descends into mediastinum | any infection in the space could spread to mediastinum

Question 36

what is the parapharyngeal. space and why is it clinically relevanr

Answer 36

space to either side of pharynx | tumour formation and growth in these spaces can lead to dysfunction

Question 37

what is the pharyngeal plexus and what is its innervation

Answer 37

plexus formed by CN IX and X sensory via CN IX and motor via X except laryngopharync just above cords where it is vagal glossopharyngeal innervates stylopharyngeus

Question 38

what nerve stimulates a response in the gag reflex

Answer 38

IX

Question 39

what is locatred in the gap between superior and inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle

Answer 39

IX Lingual artery stylopharyngeus muscle

Question 40

muscles opening jaw

Answer 40

lateral pterygoid

Question 41

muscles closing jaw

Answer 41

medial pterygoid temporalis masseter

Question 42

function of buccinator

Answer 42

aligns food bolus between dentition

Question 43

what is the TMJ formed by

Answer 43

mandibular condyle | glenoid fossa

Question 44

function of intrinsic muscles of the tongue and fibre directions

Answer 44

modify shape of tongue in speech and swallow | horizontal, vertical, inferior and superior longitudinal

Question 45

extrinsic muslces of tongue and their innervation?

Answer 45

``` genioglossus styloglossus palatoglossus hyoglossus all innervated by XII except palatoglossus, by X ```

Question 46

innervation to the muscles of the soft palate

Answer 46

all X except tensor veli palatini, innervated by CN V3

Question 47

muscles of the soft palate

Answer 47

``` palatoglossus musculus uvulae tensor veli palatini levator veli palatini palatopharyngeus ```

Question 48

components of waldeyer's tonsillar ring and function?

Answer 48

``` pharyngeal tonsil lingual tonsil tubal tonsil palatine tonsils immunologic protection ```

Question 49

functions of salivary glands

Answer 49

moisten oral mucosa aid carb digestion moisten food medium for food to dissolve to be tasted control bacterial flora by lysozyme and IgA

Question 50

where does parotid gland drain

Answer 50

buckle of 2nd molar

Question 51

where does submandubular gland drain

Answer 51

sublingual caruncle

Question 52

where does sublingual gland drain

Answer 52

several ducts in floor of mouth

Question 53

muscles of the pharynx?

Answer 53

superior, middle and inferior pharyngeal constrictors stylopharyngeus palatopharyngeus salpingopharyngeus

Question 54

function and attachments of cricothyroid

Answer 54

anterolateral cricoid to inf horn thyroid | tenses vocal ligament

Question 55

function and attachments of thyroarytenoid

Answer 55

relaxes vocal ligament | posterior thyroid to anterior arytenoid

Question 56

function and attachments of lateral arytenoid

Answer 56

adducts vocal cords muscular process arytenoid to anterior cricoid pulls arytenoid medially

Question 57

function and attachments of posterior arytenoid

Answer 57

abducts vocal cords muscular process arytenoid to posterior cricoid pulls arytenoid medially

Question 58

function and attachments of arytenoid muscle

Answer 58

adducts vocal cords oblique and transverse band attaches from one arytenoid to another cricoid cartilage

Question 59

suprahyoid muscles?

Answer 59

anterior/posterior body digastric stylohyoid geniohyoid mylohyoid

Question 60

infrahyoid muscles?

Answer 60

sternohyoid sternothyroid omohyoid thyrohyoid