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MB2 Ear, Nose and Throat > Throat anatomy > Flashcards

Throat anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

how does the posterior cricoarytenoid cause vocal cord adduction

A

lateral rotation of the arytenoid cartilages to cause rima glottidis closure

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2
Q

how does the lateral cricoarytenoid cause vocal cord abduction

A

medial rotation of the arytenoid cartilages to cause rima glottidis closure

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3
Q

describe phonation

A

subglottal pressure increases to cross the vocal cords and causes vibration

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4
Q

vocal cord tension causes

A

higher pitch

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5
Q

vocal cord relation causes

A

lower pitch

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6
Q

vocal cord adduction causes

A

quieter sound

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7
Q

vocal cord abduction causes

A

louder sound

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8
Q

innervation to intrinsic muscles of the larynx

A

inferior laryngeal branch of CN X

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9
Q

describe the route of the vagus nerve

A

leaves medulla as rootlets
passes htrough jugular foramen and through carotid sheath
branch to superior/inferior laryngeal nerve
gives recurrent laryngeal by passing under arch of aorta/ R subclavian
passes post to hila and becomes vagus trunk and plexus around oesophagus

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10
Q

what does the superior laryngeal branch of vagus supply

A

external is innervation to cricothyroid

internal is sensory innervation to internal larynx

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11
Q

what is galens anastomosis

A

connection between superior and inferior laryngeal nerves

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12
Q

what is the sensory supply to the larynx

A

mucosa above cords is by internal superior laryngeal

mucosa below is by inferior laryngeal

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13
Q

what muscle of the larynx is NOT supplied by inferior laryngeal nerve

A

cricothyroid, innervated by superior laryngeal

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14
Q

describe the involuntary cough reflex

A

sensory innervation detects something in larynx
conveyed to brainstem and glottic closure by lateral cricothyroid and arytenoid
increase in body cavity pressure by thoracic muscles and release of high pressure air

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15
Q

clinical test of the pharynx

A

ask pt to sip water

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16
Q

clinical test of the larynx

A

ask pt to speak

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17
Q

clinical test of cough

A

ask pt to cough and assess power and function

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18
Q

what lymph nodes would a supra glottic tumour drain to

A

superior deep cervical

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19
Q

what lymph nodes would a glottic tumour spread to

A

stays on cords

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20
Q

what lymph nodes would a sub-glottic tumour drain to

A

paratracheal

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21
Q

what affects speech resonance?

A

pharynx, oral and nasal cavities

paranasal sinuses

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22
Q

what causes articulation

A

soft palate tenses by V3 and elevates by X ro direct air through oral cavity
sound interrupted by tongue and teeth

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23
Q

function on nasal cavities in speech

A

making M, N, -ing

depending on position of tongue, teeth and lips

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24
Q

course of CN IX

A

leaves CNS at upper medulla and passes through jugular foramen
enters paraphaeyngeal space and lays on stylophaeyngeus
somatic motor to stylopharyngeus and enters mouth laterally

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25
Q

following mouth innervation, CN IX has parasympathetic innervation. describe the course

A

passes through jugular foramen and gives off tympanic branch to reenter temporal bone
supplies tympanic plexus and exits as lesser petrosal nerve via foramen ovale to synapse with otic ganglion with auriculotemporal nerve of CN V3

26
Q

chemo and barorecepts of carotid body travel via

A

CN IX

27
Q

glossopharyngeal supply to the tongue?

A

vallate papillae and post 1/3 tongue

28
Q

3 phases of swallow

A

oral phase
pharyngeal phase
oesophageal phase

29
Q

what occurs during the oral phase of swallow

A

mastication of food and mix with saliva
intrinsic/extrinsic muscles malipulate food bolus and align with dentition/push against palate
soft palate depresses to crease oropharyngeal seal and tongue ripples bolus posterior

30
Q

sensory/secretomotor innervation to the hard palate?

A

CN V2 and facial
greater palatine nerve
incisive branch of nasopalatine for hard palate on ant 4 incisors

31
Q

sensory supply to the soft palate

A

lesser palatine nerve

also motor to tensor veli palatini

32
Q

describe the course of CN XII and its innervation

A

extends from medulla and passes through hypoglossal canal
descends close to carotid shealth and courses lateral to hyoglossus into floor of mouth
supplies all muscles of tondue except palatoglossus

33
Q

describe the pharyngeal phas eof swallow q

A

soft palate elevates
posterior pressure from tongue seals off laryngeal aditus by forcing epiglottis
hyolaryngeal elevation by suprahyoid and langitudinal muscles
sequential constriction of constrictors
relaxation of cricopharyngeus

34
Q

describe the oesophageal phase of swallow

A

involuntary peristalsis moving food bolus to stomach

35
Q

what is the retropharyngeal space and why is it clinically relevant

A

space posterior to pharynx that descends into mediastinum

any infection in the space could spread to mediastinum

36
Q

what is the parapharyngeal. space and why is it clinically relevanr

A

space to either side of pharynx

tumour formation and growth in these spaces can lead to dysfunction

37
Q

what is the pharyngeal plexus and what is its innervation

A

plexus formed by CN IX and X
sensory via CN IX and motor via X except laryngopharync just above cords where it is vagal
glossopharyngeal innervates stylopharyngeus

38
Q

what nerve stimulates a response in the gag reflex

A

IX

39
Q

what is locatred in the gap between superior and inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle

A

IX
Lingual artery
stylopharyngeus muscle

40
Q

muscles opening jaw

A

lateral pterygoid

41
Q

muscles closing jaw

A

medial pterygoid
temporalis
masseter

42
Q

function of buccinator

A

aligns food bolus between dentition

43
Q

what is the TMJ formed by

A

mandibular condyle

glenoid fossa

44
Q

function of intrinsic muscles of the tongue and fibre directions

A

modify shape of tongue in speech and swallow

horizontal, vertical, inferior and superior longitudinal

45
Q

extrinsic muslces of tongue and their innervation?

A 
genioglossus 
styloglossus 
palatoglossus 
hyoglossus 
all innervated by XII except palatoglossus, by X
46
Q

innervation to the muscles of the soft palate

A

all X except tensor veli palatini, innervated by CN V3

47
Q

muscles of the soft palate

A 
palatoglossus 
musculus uvulae 
tensor veli palatini
levator veli palatini
palatopharyngeus
48
Q

components of waldeyer’s tonsillar ring and function?

A 
pharyngeal tonsil
lingual tonsil
tubal tonsil 
palatine tonsils 
immunologic protection
49
Q

functions of salivary glands

A

moisten oral mucosa
aid carb digestion
moisten food
medium for food to dissolve to be tasted
control bacterial flora by lysozyme and IgA

50
Q

where does parotid gland drain

A

buckle of 2nd molar

51
Q

where does submandubular gland drain

A

sublingual caruncle

52
Q

where does sublingual gland drain

A

several ducts in floor of mouth

53
Q

muscles of the pharynx?

A

superior, middle and inferior pharyngeal constrictors
stylopharyngeus
palatopharyngeus
salpingopharyngeus

54
Q

function and attachments of cricothyroid

A

anterolateral cricoid to inf horn thyroid

tenses vocal ligament

55
Q

function and attachments of thyroarytenoid

A

relaxes vocal ligament

posterior thyroid to anterior arytenoid

56
Q

function and attachments of lateral arytenoid

A

adducts vocal cords
muscular process arytenoid to anterior cricoid
pulls arytenoid medially

57
Q

function and attachments of posterior arytenoid

A

abducts vocal cords
muscular process arytenoid to posterior cricoid
pulls arytenoid medially

58
Q

function and attachments of arytenoid muscle

A

adducts vocal cords
oblique and transverse band
attaches from one arytenoid to another cricoid cartilage

59
Q

suprahyoid muscles?

A

anterior/posterior body digastric
stylohyoid
geniohyoid
mylohyoid

60
Q

infrahyoid muscles?

A

sternohyoid
sternothyroid
omohyoid
thyrohyoid

MB2 Ear, Nose and Throat (11 decks)

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