Pathology

Question 1

epithelia lining nasal vestibule

Answer 1

squamous epithelia

Question 2

epithelia lining nose/sinus

Answer 2

respiratory

Question 3

histology of salivary glands

Answer 3

serous cells that stain dark and contain amylase

mucinous cells that stain light and contain glycoproteins

Question 4

bacterial causes of AOM

Answer 4

haemohpilus influenzae
moraxella catarrhalis
strep pneumoniae

Question 5

bacterial causes of chronic otitis media

Answer 5

pseudomonas
staph aureus
fungal

Question 6

where do cholesteatomas exactly occur

Answer 6

superior posterior middle ear, petrous apex

can lead to chronic otitis media leading to perforated tympanic membrane

Question 7

majority of ear cancers?

Answer 7

SCC

Question 8

other cancers of the ear besides SCC?

Answer 8

ceruminous adenoma/adenocarcinoma
meningioma
middle ear adenoma
vestibular schwannoma

Question 9

bilateral vestibular schwannoma in a young patient is indicative of?

Answer 9

NF2

Question 10

viral causes sinusitis?

Answer 10

echovirus
rhinovirus
adenovirus

Question 11

causes of nasal polyps

Answer 11

CF in young

allergy, infection, asthma,, aspirin sensitivity, nickel allergy

Question 12

Antibody for GPA?

Answer 12

cANCA

Question 13

benign tumours of nasal cavity?

Answer 13

squamous cell papilloma
sinonasal pappiloma
angiofibroma

Question 14

malignant tumours of nose

Answer 14

SCC
nasopharyngeal carcinoma
neuroblastoma
lymphoma

Question 15

types of sinonasal papilloma

Answer 15

inverted, exophytic, oncocytic

Question 16

where are inverted and oncocytic sinonasal papilloma found

Answer 16

lateral walls and paranasal sinus

Question 17

where is exophytic sinonasal papilloma found

Answer 17

nasal septum

Question 18

causes of sinonasal papilloma and age group

Answer 18

HPV, organic solvents

>50

Question 19

causes of nasopharyngeal carcinoma, and is it associated woith keratinising or non keratinising type

Answer 19

volatile nitrousamines and EBV

non keratinising

Question 20

how does EBV lead to lymphoma and nasopharyngeal carcinoma

Answer 20

promotes B cell survival and prevents apoptosis
VGEF stimulation
can activate oncogenes

Question 21

laryngeal polyps causes and where are they found

Answer 21

popyps are unilateral 
nodules are in younger women and are middle 1/3 to post 1/3 vocal cord 
vocal abute 
smoking 
infection

Question 22

what is squamous cell papilloma of the oropharynx associated with

Answer 22

type 6 and 11 HPV

Question 23

risk factors for SCC of head and neck

Answer 23

smoking
HPV
alcohol

Question 24

how does HPV lead to potential cancer

Answer 24

E6 and E7 cause p53 and Rb pathways to be disrupted leading to cell immortality

Question 25

who is pleomorphic adenoma more common in and what are the features

Answer 25

females and in 3rd-6th decade hx slow enlarging lesion parotid

Question 26

what is warthins tumour associated with

Answer 26

smoking men >50 parotid gland

Question 27

most common worldwide salivary gland cancer and association

Answer 27

mucoepidermoid carcinoma parotid MECT1-MAML2

Question 28

most common UK salivary gland cancer and association

Answer 28

adenoid cystic carcinoma >40 and parotid invasion facial nerve