Physiology

Question 1

what is the taste receptor q

Answer 1

taste bud

Question 2

where are taste buds present, what are the types and how long do they live

Answer 2

present on tongue papillae, palate, epiglottis and pharynx
10 days 
vallete 
poliate 
fungiform 
filliform- no taste buds

Question 3

describe how taste is passes to the brain

Answer 3

initiation of AP due to taste binding to receptor cell

conveyed to afferent nerve fibres and then onto chorda tympani, IX, X, to brainstem, thalamus, cortical gustatory areas

Question 4

primary tastes

Answer 4

sweet 
salty 
sour 
bitter 
umami

Question 5

cause of ageusia

Answer 5

nerve damage
endocrine
inflammation

Question 6

cause of hypoguesia

Answer 6

drugs or chemotherapy

Question 7

cause of dysguesia

Answer 7

chemotherapy 
glossitis 
gingivitis 
tooth decay 
reflux 
URTI
drugs 
cancer 
zinc deficiency

Question 8

neural systems of nose

Answer 8

CN I for olfactory purpose

CN V for somatosensory

Question 9

describe the location of the olfactory epithelia and how smell reach it

Answer 9

sits in olfactory cleft, at cribiform plate, superior and small part of middle turbinate
retrograde airflow can reach from nasopharynx to aid taste
quiet respiration - needs to diffuse
sniff causes air to be drawn upwards

Question 10

function of mucus in smelling

Answer 10

moist
protective
aids in dispersing odourants to olfactory receptors

Question 11

describe the histology of the olfactory epithelia

Answer 11

pseudostratified columnar cells 
bipolar sensory neurons 
supporting cells 
bowmans gland
basal cells

Question 12

describe the function of olfactory receptors

Answer 12

endings of afferent neurons

pierce cribiform plate and enter olfactory bulb to transmit info back to brain into temporal lobe

Question 13

conducting causes of anosmia

Answer 13

nasal polyps
nasal mass
rhinitis

Question 14

sensorineural causes of anosmia

Answer 14

viral 
head trauma 
neurological 
drugs 
brain tumours

Question 15

sound - frequency determines pitch/volume and amplitude determines pitch/volume

Answer 15

pitch

volume

Question 16

what is the hearing range for humans

Answer 16

20Hz to 20,000Hz

Question 17

describe the inner composition of the inner ear

Answer 17

scala media is suspended in the scala tympani/scala vestibuli

Question 18

describe how sound in the inner ear becomes a nervous transmission

Answer 18

basillar membrane moves and moves hair cells, causing nervous stimulation
travels down VIII nerve to primary auditory complex

Question 19

at what age in utero can a foetus hear

Answer 19

18wks

Question 20

at what age in utero can a foetus respond to sound

Answer 20

26wks

Question 21

at what age can children coo and recognise voice

Answer 21

3m

Question 22

at what age can children babble cna make emotional sound

Answer 22

6m

Question 23

at what age can children make simple noise and follow instruction

Answer 23

12m

Question 24

at what age can children delete syllables, simplify syllables

Answer 24

12-18m

Question 25

at what age can children say a few words

Answer 25

18m

Question 26

at what age can children use two word phrases and know +50 words, follow command

Answer 26

24m

Question 27

at what age can children use 3 word sentences, rhyme, understand word order

Answer 27

36m

Question 28

types of hair cell in ear

Answer 28

stereocilia

kinocillium

Question 29

what does the superior vestibular nerve supply

Answer 29

lateral/anterior SCC and utricle

Question 30

what does the inferior vestibular nerve supply

Answer 30

saccule, post SCC

Question 31

what do the utricle and saccule contain and what is their function

Answer 31

stereocilia projecting up into gel matrix with otoconia

lend weight and due to gravity the brain perceives postiion and movement on tilting head or linear motion

Question 32

describe the vestibulo-ocular reflex

Answer 32

deflection caused by movement of perilymph, causing sterocilia to deflect and leading to eyes deflecting to opposure direction of head turning

Question 33

what is the vestibulospinal tract

Answer 33

motor to neck, back, leg muslce

Question 34

what is the medial longitudinal fasciculus

Answer 34

central pathway for ocular muscles

Question 35

what is the medial lemniccus

Answer 35

central pathway to thalamus an cerebellum