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MB2 Ear, Nose and Throat > Ear and Nose Anatomy > Flashcards

Ear and Nose Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

what is the arterial supply to the cranial cavity?

A

internal carotid and vertebral

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2
Q

arterial supply to the face?

A

ECA and ICA

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3
Q

arterial supply to the neck

A

ICA and subclavian

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4
Q

branches of the external carotid

A 
Superior thyroid 
ascending pharyngeal artery 
lingual artery 
facial artery 
occipital artery 
posterior auricular artery 
maxillary artery 
superficial temporal artery
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5
Q

describe head and neck venous drainage

A

cranial cavity drains to the dural venous sinuses

all ultimately drain to IJV

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6
Q

what is the ganglion for oculomotor III

A

ciliary

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7
Q

what is the ganglion for facial VII

A

pterygopalatine
submandibular
geniculate

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8
Q

what is the ganglion for the glossopharyngeal IX

A

otic

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9
Q

what nerves supply somatic sensory to the face

A

trigeminal V1,2,3
IX
X

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10
Q

special sensory to head?

A

smell
vision
taste
hearing and balance

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11
Q

ganglion for CN VIII

A

spiral and vestibular

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12
Q

components of the lateral wall of nasal septum

A 
superior, middle concha 
inferior concha 
palatine bone 
sphenopalatine foramen 
lateral cartilage 
maxilla
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13
Q

components of medial wall of nasal septum

A

perpendicular plate of ethmoid
septal cartilage
vomer

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14
Q

5 arteries contributing to littles area?

A 
anterior ethmoidal artery 
posterior ethmoidal artery 
sphenopalatine artery 
greater palatine artery 
septal branch of superior labial artery
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15
Q

branches of ophthalmic artery contributing to nasal cavity, what do they pass through and where does it come from

A

anterior and posterior bilateral arteries
pass through anterior and posterior ethmoidal foramen
branch of ICA

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16
Q

branches of maxillary artery contributing to nasal cavity, what do they pass through and where does it come from

A

sphenopalatine, through sphenopalatine foramen
greater palatine artery - through incisive foramen superiorly
from ECA

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17
Q

branches of facial artery contributing to nasal cavity

A

septal branch of superior labial artery

lateral nasal artery

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18
Q

epithelia of nasal vestibule

A

stratified squamous

ketatinised and then becomes non-keratinised on entering cavity

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19
Q

epithelia of the nasal cavity

A

respiratory on middle and inferior concha

olfactory on superior

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20
Q

describe the process of olfaction

A

air enters nasal cavity and is made turbulent by nasal conchae
these reach receptor cells (olfactory cells) and pass along cribiform plate to synapse with olfactory bulb, pass along tract and into temporal lobe

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21
Q

describe somatic sensation to anterosuperior nasal cavity

A

CN V1 by anterior ethmoidal nerve

sensation is carried through sup orbital fissure to trigeminal ganglion to pons

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22
Q

describe somatic sensation to posteroinferior nasal cavity

A

CN V2 by nasopalatine nerve

axons pass from foramen rotundum, to trigeminal ganglion and pons

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23
Q

bones of the skull?

A 
frontal 
zygomatic 
maxilla 
mandible 
nasal 
palatine 
sphenoid 
ethmoid 
vomer
inferior concha 
temporal 
occipital 
parietal 
lacrimal
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24
Q

foramina of anterior cranial fossa?

A

cribiform plate

anteiror and posterior ethmoidal foramen

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25
Q

foramina of middle cranial fossa?

A 
optic canal 
foramen ovale 
foramen rotundum 
superior orbital fissure 
foramen spinosum 
internal acoustic meatus
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26
Q

foramina of posterior cranial fossa

A

foramen magnum
hypoglossal canal
carotid canal
jugular foramen

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27
Q

what bones do the nasal conchae belong to and their meatuses?

A 
sup and middle are ethmoid 
inf is its own bone 
post to sup concha is sphenoethmoidal recess 
sup-mid concha is superior meatus 
mid-inf is middle meatus 
inferior to inf concha is inf meatus
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28
Q

name the bilateral nasal sinuses

A

ethmoidal air cells
frontal sinus
maxillary sinus
sphenoid sinus

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29
Q

where does the sphenoid sinus drain

A

sphenoethmoidal recess

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30
Q

what does the superior meatus drain

A

posterior ethmoidal air cells

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31
Q

what does the middle meatus drain

A

semilunar hiatus - frontal sinus, maxillary sinus, ant ethmoidal air cells
ethmoidal bulla - middle ethmoidal air cells

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32
Q

what does the inferior meatus drain

A

nasolacrimal duct

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33
Q

border and contents of nasopharynx

A 
posterior nasal cavity to soft palate 
choanae 
torus tuberalis 
pharyngeal recess
salpingopharyngeal fold 
opening for the eustachian tube
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34
Q

border and contents of oropharynx

A 
soft palate to superior epiglottis 
palatine tonsil
palatoglossal arch 
palatopharyngeal arch 
lingual tonsil
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35
Q

what makes up the supraglottis

A

ventricle and vestibule

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36
Q

components of laryngeal skeleton

A 
hyoid 
epiglottis 
thyroid cartilage 
cricoarytenoid joint 
cricoid cartilage 
1st tracheal cartilage 
arytenoid cartilage 
ligaments
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37
Q

ligaments of larynx

A

conus elasticus
quadrangular membrane
vestibular ligament
vocal ligament

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38
Q

components of the thyroid cartilage

A

superior horn
inferior horn - for cricothyroid joint
laryngeal prominence

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39
Q

what is the oral vestibule

A

internal lips to external teeth

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40
Q

what is the oral cavity proper

A

internal surface of teeth to oropharynx

41
Q

features of the oral cavity proper

A 
upper and lower dental arch 
gingivae 
palatine tonsils 
uvula 
arches of soft palate 
oropharynx 
deep lingual vein 
lingual frenulum with caruncle 
sublingual fold
42
Q

osteological features of oral cavity

A 
incisive foramen 
palatine process 
median palatine suture 
palatine bones and maxilla 
lesser and greater palatine foramen
lateral and medial pterygoid plate of sphenoid bone
43
Q

during laryngoscopy, where should the macintosh blade be placed and describe this site

A

vallecula

mucosal lined space between base of tongue and anterior epiglottis

44
Q

what are the modalities of the pterygopalatine ganglion?

A

parasympathetic
special sensory
somatic motor
general sensation

45
Q

describe facial nerve innervation to the pterygopalatine ganglion

A

facial nerve synapses at the geniculate ganglion and passes via the greater petrosal nerve in combination with deep petrosal nerve to form vidian
this combines to synapse at the pterygopalatine junction

46
Q

where is the pterygopalatine junction located and by what nerve is it suspended

A

pterygopalatine fossa, located between sphenoid bone and maxilla
CN V2

47
Q

describe parasympathetic outflow from pterygopalatine ganglion to innervating structures

A

passes out to innervate pharynx, palate and nasal cavityby greater petrosal nerve
branch crosses V2 to join CN V1, as zygomatic nerve and supplies lacrimal gland

48
Q

describe somatic sensory outflow from pterygopalatine ganglion

A

pass through but do not synapse
pass through by CN V2
to palate, nasal cavity and pharynx

49
Q

describe sympathetic outflow from pterygopalatine ganglion

A

doesnt synapse

passes through by deep petrosal nerve and outflow to palate, pharynx and nasal cavity

50
Q

surface anatomy of the external ear

A 
tragus 
anti tragus 
helix 
anti helix 
ear lobe 
external acoustic meatus
51
Q

what supplies posterior superior pinna

A

lesser occipital nerve of C2,3

52
Q

what supplies posterior inferior pinna

A

greater auricular nerve of C2,3

53
Q

nerve supply to auditory canal?

A

auriculotemporal - V3 to ant sup canal
vagus supplies inf post
facial in minute somatic of concha

54
Q

what drains lymoh of external ear

A

pre/post auricular lymph nodes

55
Q

besides the auditory canal, what else does the auriculotemporal nerve supply

A

temporalis muscle

56
Q

describe bone conduction in the middle ear

A

handle of malleus conducts from tympanic membrane to head and transfers on to incus and then to stapes
amplify sound and controlled by muscles and synovial joints

57
Q

what supports the head of malleus

A

ligaments suspended from tegmen tympani

58
Q

attachments and innervation of tensor tympani

A

cartilagenous part of eustachian tube to handle of malleus

CN V3

59
Q

attachments and innervation of stapedius

A

pyramidal eminence to neck of stapes

facial nerve

60
Q

functions of stapedius and tensor tympani

A

dampen sound by reducing vibration of tympanic memebrane (TT) or stapes on oval window (S)

61
Q

true/false - tympanic air pressure is greater than atmospheric and is regulated by nasal muscles pulling the eustachian tube open

A

false- tympanic pressure should be equal as imbalance causes reduced ossicle vibration
the eustachian tube is opened by palate muscles

62
Q

describe the general nervous innervation to the tympanic cavity

A

by tympanic plexus, CN IX
supplies pharynx first then forms tympanic plexus over promontory
comes with lesser petrosal to form autonomics to parotid

63
Q

modalities of the tympanic plexus?

A

parasympathetic and general sensory

64
Q

what is the mastoid antrum and why is it clinically relevant

A

opening between mastoid air cells and tympanic cavity
opening is posterior wall of epitympanic recess and is the aditus
can provide surgical access, infection or inflammation can lead to osteomyelitis

65
Q

sensory nerve supply to the eustachian tube?

A

CN IX

66
Q

describe how the eustachian tibe can contribute to middle ear infection

A

bacteria or viruses can be spread from the pharynx/tonsils to middle ear, esp children as they have a shorter tube

67
Q

attachments of the eustachian tube

A

anterior wall of tympanic cavity to nasopharynx

68
Q

location of inner ear

A

otic capsule, temporal bone

69
Q

what is the bony labyrinth filled with

A

perilymph

70
Q

what is the membranous labyrinth filled with

A

endolymph

71
Q

what is the modiolus

A

bony ridge permitting perilymph vibration to nervous AP transmission

72
Q

describe hearing within the inner ear

A

sound waves make TM vibrate
conducted across ossicles to footplate of stapes in the oval window
pressure vibration within perilymph
hair cells in cochlea are moved and AP is stimulated along cochlear nerve
dampened at round windown

73
Q

what is conductive hearing loss

A

hearing loss due to failed conduction of external/middle ear

74
Q

what is sensorineural hearing loss

A

hearing loss due to failed nervous transmission or inner ear

75
Q

describe the semicircular ducts

A

3 semicircular canals at right angles
anterior- sagittal
posterior - coronal
lateral - axial

76
Q

describe balance with respect to the inner ear

A

ampullae of canals have crests with hair cell clusters
head movement causes movement of hair cells due to endolymph
generates AP carried to vestibular ganglion and then to vestibular nerve

77
Q

what is carried through the IAM

A

CN VII and VIII

laryrinthine artery and veins

78
Q

modalities of the facial nerve

A

special sensory
somatic sensory
somatic motor
parasympathetic secretomotor

79
Q

describe the course of the facial nerve

A

leaves brainstem at cerebellopalatine junction to enter IAM
travels through temporal bone and exits stylomastoid foramen
gives off the geniculate ganglion and courses to the parotid
gives off chorda tympani in canal

80
Q

what does the facial nerve act on?

A

lacrimal glands
ant 2/3 tongue
muscles of facial expression
mouth and nasal cavity

81
Q

temporal branches of the facial nerve?

A

nerve to stapedius
greater petrosal
chorda tympani

82
Q

descrive the fucntion and course of chorda tympani

A

taste to 2/3 tongue and parasympathetic fibres to submandibular and sublingual gland
courses between incus and malleus and leaves tympanic cavity at petrotympanic fissure to join CN V3

83
Q

taste and general sensation to ant 2/3 tongue

A

Sensation CN V3

taste by VII

84
Q

taste and general sensation to post 1/3 tongue

A

IX

85
Q

features of the temporal bone

A 
petrous 
squamous 
styloid process 
external/internal AM 
mastoid process 
stylomastoid foramen 
glenoid fossa 
external carotid canal
zygomatic process
86
Q

what is EAM made up of

A

2/3 internal bone and outer 1/3 cartilage

87
Q

features of tympanic membrane via otoscope

A

para flaccida
umbo
pars tenda
cone of light

88
Q

true/false- the ear ossciles are fully developed at birth

A

true

89
Q

true/false - ear ossicles are joined by fibrous joints

A

false - synovial

90
Q

what is tympanic cavity proper and epitympanic recess

A

make up total tympanic cavity
tympanic caivty proper is floor to top of tymopanic membrane
epitympanic recess is superior to tympanic membrane

91
Q

features of posterior wall of tympanic cavity

A

mastoid aditus

92
Q

features of roof of tympanic cavity

A

tegmen tympani is thin bone to seperate from middle cranial fossa

93
Q

features of floor of tympanic cavity

A

closely related to IJV

94
Q

features of medial wall of tympanic cavity

A

oval window
round window
promontary
facial canal

95
Q

features of anterior wall of tympanic cavity

A

carotid canal relation
chorda tympani
eustachian tube

96
Q

describe structure of eutachian tuibe and function

A

post 1/3 bone and rest cartiolage
cartilage typically collapsed and pulled by palate muscles
equalise air pressure
torus tuberalis is feature caused by cartilagenous opening in nasopharynx

97
Q

what is the vestibule

A

oval shaped chamber with utricle and saccule and oval window

98
Q

where are cochlear hair cells located

A

organ of corti

cell bodies collect AP and convey to spiral ganglion, then onto cochlear nerve

MB2 Ear, Nose and Throat (11 decks)

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