Ear and Nose Anatomy Flashcards
1
Q
what is the arterial supply to the cranial cavity?
A
internal carotid and vertebral
2
Q
arterial supply to the face?
A
ECA and ICA
3
Q
arterial supply to the neck
A
ICA and subclavian
4
Q
branches of the external carotid
A
Superior thyroid ascending pharyngeal artery lingual artery facial artery occipital artery posterior auricular artery maxillary artery superficial temporal artery
5
Q
describe head and neck venous drainage
A
cranial cavity drains to the dural venous sinuses
all ultimately drain to IJV
6
Q
what is the ganglion for oculomotor III
A
ciliary
7
Q
what is the ganglion for facial VII
A
pterygopalatine
submandibular
geniculate
8
Q
what is the ganglion for the glossopharyngeal IX
A
otic
9
Q
what nerves supply somatic sensory to the face
A
trigeminal V1,2,3
IX
X
10
Q
special sensory to head?
A
smell
vision
taste
hearing and balance
11
Q
ganglion for CN VIII
A
spiral and vestibular
12
Q
components of the lateral wall of nasal septum
A
superior, middle concha inferior concha palatine bone sphenopalatine foramen lateral cartilage maxilla
13
Q
components of medial wall of nasal septum
A
perpendicular plate of ethmoid
septal cartilage
vomer
14
Q
5 arteries contributing to littles area?
A
anterior ethmoidal artery posterior ethmoidal artery sphenopalatine artery greater palatine artery septal branch of superior labial artery
15
Q
branches of ophthalmic artery contributing to nasal cavity, what do they pass through and where does it come from
A
anterior and posterior bilateral arteries
pass through anterior and posterior ethmoidal foramen
branch of ICA
16
Q
branches of maxillary artery contributing to nasal cavity, what do they pass through and where does it come from
A
sphenopalatine, through sphenopalatine foramen
greater palatine artery - through incisive foramen superiorly
from ECA
17
Q
branches of facial artery contributing to nasal cavity
A
septal branch of superior labial artery
lateral nasal artery
18
Q
epithelia of nasal vestibule
A
stratified squamous
ketatinised and then becomes non-keratinised on entering cavity
19
Q
epithelia of the nasal cavity
A
respiratory on middle and inferior concha
olfactory on superior
20
Q
describe the process of olfaction
A
air enters nasal cavity and is made turbulent by nasal conchae
these reach receptor cells (olfactory cells) and pass along cribiform plate to synapse with olfactory bulb, pass along tract and into temporal lobe
21
Q
describe somatic sensation to anterosuperior nasal cavity
A
CN V1 by anterior ethmoidal nerve
sensation is carried through sup orbital fissure to trigeminal ganglion to pons
22
Q
describe somatic sensation to posteroinferior nasal cavity
A
CN V2 by nasopalatine nerve
axons pass from foramen rotundum, to trigeminal ganglion and pons
23
Q
bones of the skull?
A
frontal zygomatic maxilla mandible nasal palatine sphenoid ethmoid vomer inferior concha temporal occipital parietal lacrimal
24
Q
foramina of anterior cranial fossa?
A
cribiform plate
anteiror and posterior ethmoidal foramen
25
foramina of middle cranial fossa?
```
optic canal
foramen ovale
foramen rotundum
superior orbital fissure
foramen spinosum
internal acoustic meatus
```
26
foramina of posterior cranial fossa
foramen magnum
hypoglossal canal
carotid canal
jugular foramen
27
what bones do the nasal conchae belong to and their meatuses?
```
sup and middle are ethmoid
inf is its own bone
post to sup concha is sphenoethmoidal recess
sup-mid concha is superior meatus
mid-inf is middle meatus
inferior to inf concha is inf meatus
```
28
name the bilateral nasal sinuses
ethmoidal air cells
frontal sinus
maxillary sinus
sphenoid sinus
29
where does the sphenoid sinus drain
sphenoethmoidal recess
30
what does the superior meatus drain
posterior ethmoidal air cells
31
what does the middle meatus drain
semilunar hiatus - frontal sinus, maxillary sinus, ant ethmoidal air cells
ethmoidal bulla - middle ethmoidal air cells
32
what does the inferior meatus drain
nasolacrimal duct
33
border and contents of nasopharynx
```
posterior nasal cavity to soft palate
choanae
torus tuberalis
pharyngeal recess
salpingopharyngeal fold
opening for the eustachian tube
```
34
border and contents of oropharynx
```
soft palate to superior epiglottis
palatine tonsil
palatoglossal arch
palatopharyngeal arch
lingual tonsil
```
35
what makes up the supraglottis
ventricle and vestibule
36
components of laryngeal skeleton
```
hyoid
epiglottis
thyroid cartilage
cricoarytenoid joint
cricoid cartilage
1st tracheal cartilage
arytenoid cartilage
ligaments
```
37
ligaments of larynx
conus elasticus
quadrangular membrane
vestibular ligament
vocal ligament
38
components of the thyroid cartilage
superior horn
inferior horn - for cricothyroid joint
laryngeal prominence
39
what is the oral vestibule
internal lips to external teeth
40
what is the oral cavity proper
internal surface of teeth to oropharynx
41
features of the oral cavity proper
```
upper and lower dental arch
gingivae
palatine tonsils
uvula
arches of soft palate
oropharynx
deep lingual vein
lingual frenulum with caruncle
sublingual fold
```
42
osteological features of oral cavity
```
incisive foramen
palatine process
median palatine suture
palatine bones and maxilla
lesser and greater palatine foramen
lateral and medial pterygoid plate of sphenoid bone
```
43
during laryngoscopy, where should the macintosh blade be placed and describe this site
vallecula
| mucosal lined space between base of tongue and anterior epiglottis
44
what are the modalities of the pterygopalatine ganglion?
parasympathetic
special sensory
somatic motor
general sensation
45
describe facial nerve innervation to the pterygopalatine ganglion
facial nerve synapses at the geniculate ganglion and passes via the greater petrosal nerve in combination with deep petrosal nerve to form vidian
this combines to synapse at the pterygopalatine junction
46
where is the pterygopalatine junction located and by what nerve is it suspended
pterygopalatine fossa, located between sphenoid bone and maxilla
CN V2
47
describe parasympathetic outflow from pterygopalatine ganglion to innervating structures
passes out to innervate pharynx, palate and nasal cavityby greater petrosal nerve
branch crosses V2 to join CN V1, as zygomatic nerve and supplies lacrimal gland
48
describe somatic sensory outflow from pterygopalatine ganglion
pass through but do not synapse
pass through by CN V2
to palate, nasal cavity and pharynx
49
describe sympathetic outflow from pterygopalatine ganglion
doesnt synapse
| passes through by deep petrosal nerve and outflow to palate, pharynx and nasal cavity
50
surface anatomy of the external ear
```
tragus
anti tragus
helix
anti helix
ear lobe
external acoustic meatus
```
51
what supplies posterior superior pinna
lesser occipital nerve of C2,3
52
what supplies posterior inferior pinna
greater auricular nerve of C2,3
53
nerve supply to auditory canal?
auriculotemporal - V3 to ant sup canal
vagus supplies inf post
facial in minute somatic of concha
54
what drains lymoh of external ear
pre/post auricular lymph nodes
55
besides the auditory canal, what else does the auriculotemporal nerve supply
temporalis muscle
56
describe bone conduction in the middle ear
handle of malleus conducts from tympanic membrane to head and transfers on to incus and then to stapes
amplify sound and controlled by muscles and synovial joints
57
what supports the head of malleus
ligaments suspended from tegmen tympani
58
attachments and innervation of tensor tympani
cartilagenous part of eustachian tube to handle of malleus
| CN V3
59
attachments and innervation of stapedius
pyramidal eminence to neck of stapes
| facial nerve
60
functions of stapedius and tensor tympani
dampen sound by reducing vibration of tympanic memebrane (TT) or stapes on oval window (S)
61
true/false - tympanic air pressure is greater than atmospheric and is regulated by nasal muscles pulling the eustachian tube open
false- tympanic pressure should be equal as imbalance causes reduced ossicle vibration
the eustachian tube is opened by palate muscles
62
describe the general nervous innervation to the tympanic cavity
by tympanic plexus, CN IX
supplies pharynx first then forms tympanic plexus over promontory
comes with lesser petrosal to form autonomics to parotid
63
modalities of the tympanic plexus?
parasympathetic and general sensory
64
what is the mastoid antrum and why is it clinically relevant
opening between mastoid air cells and tympanic cavity
opening is posterior wall of epitympanic recess and is the aditus
can provide surgical access, infection or inflammation can lead to osteomyelitis
65
sensory nerve supply to the eustachian tube?
CN IX
66
describe how the eustachian tibe can contribute to middle ear infection
bacteria or viruses can be spread from the pharynx/tonsils to middle ear, esp children as they have a shorter tube
67
attachments of the eustachian tube
anterior wall of tympanic cavity to nasopharynx
68
location of inner ear
otic capsule, temporal bone
69
what is the bony labyrinth filled with
perilymph
70
what is the membranous labyrinth filled with
endolymph
71
what is the modiolus
bony ridge permitting perilymph vibration to nervous AP transmission
72
describe hearing within the inner ear
sound waves make TM vibrate
conducted across ossicles to footplate of stapes in the oval window
pressure vibration within perilymph
hair cells in cochlea are moved and AP is stimulated along cochlear nerve
dampened at round windown
73
what is conductive hearing loss
hearing loss due to failed conduction of external/middle ear
74
what is sensorineural hearing loss
hearing loss due to failed nervous transmission or inner ear
75
describe the semicircular ducts
3 semicircular canals at right angles
anterior- sagittal
posterior - coronal
lateral - axial
76
describe balance with respect to the inner ear
ampullae of canals have crests with hair cell clusters
head movement causes movement of hair cells due to endolymph
generates AP carried to vestibular ganglion and then to vestibular nerve
77
what is carried through the IAM
CN VII and VIII
| laryrinthine artery and veins
78
modalities of the facial nerve
special sensory
somatic sensory
somatic motor
parasympathetic secretomotor
79
describe the course of the facial nerve
leaves brainstem at cerebellopalatine junction to enter IAM
travels through temporal bone and exits stylomastoid foramen
gives off the geniculate ganglion and courses to the parotid
gives off chorda tympani in canal
80
what does the facial nerve act on?
lacrimal glands
ant 2/3 tongue
muscles of facial expression
mouth and nasal cavity
81
temporal branches of the facial nerve?
nerve to stapedius
greater petrosal
chorda tympani
82
descrive the fucntion and course of chorda tympani
taste to 2/3 tongue and parasympathetic fibres to submandibular and sublingual gland
courses between incus and malleus and leaves tympanic cavity at petrotympanic fissure to join CN V3
83
taste and general sensation to ant 2/3 tongue
Sensation CN V3
| taste by VII
84
taste and general sensation to post 1/3 tongue
IX
85
features of the temporal bone
```
petrous
squamous
styloid process
external/internal AM
mastoid process
stylomastoid foramen
glenoid fossa
external carotid canal
zygomatic process
```
86
what is EAM made up of
2/3 internal bone and outer 1/3 cartilage
87
features of tympanic membrane via otoscope
para flaccida
umbo
pars tenda
cone of light
88
true/false- the ear ossciles are fully developed at birth
true
89
true/false - ear ossicles are joined by fibrous joints
false - synovial
90
what is tympanic cavity proper and epitympanic recess
make up total tympanic cavity
tympanic caivty proper is floor to top of tymopanic membrane
epitympanic recess is superior to tympanic membrane
91
features of posterior wall of tympanic cavity
mastoid aditus
92
features of roof of tympanic cavity
tegmen tympani is thin bone to seperate from middle cranial fossa
93
features of floor of tympanic cavity
closely related to IJV
94
features of medial wall of tympanic cavity
oval window
round window
promontary
facial canal
95
features of anterior wall of tympanic cavity
carotid canal relation
chorda tympani
eustachian tube
96
describe structure of eutachian tuibe and function
post 1/3 bone and rest cartiolage
cartilage typically collapsed and pulled by palate muscles
equalise air pressure
torus tuberalis is feature caused by cartilagenous opening in nasopharynx
97
what is the vestibule
oval shaped chamber with utricle and saccule and oval window
98
where are cochlear hair cells located
organ of corti
| cell bodies collect AP and convey to spiral ganglion, then onto cochlear nerve
