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Head and Neck - Year 2 > Throat > Flashcards

Throat Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 parts of the oral cavity?

A 
Oral vestibule (between lips and teeth)
Oral cavity proper
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2
Q

What are the boundaries of the oral cavity?

A

Lips to palatoglossal arch
Palate to floor of mouth/tongue
Buccal mucosa

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3
Q

How does the parotid duct reach the oral cavity?

A

Pierces the buccinator muscle then opens into oral cavity on inner surface of cheek opposite maxillary 2nd molar

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4
Q

Where is the submandibular duct?

A

Lies superior to the digastric muscle, each submandibular gland is divided into superficial and deep lobes, which are separated by the mylohyoid muscle

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5
Q

What does the lingual nerve supply?

A

General somatic afferent innervation from the anterior 2/3rds of the tongue
Carries nerve fibres that are not part of the trigeminal nerve including chorda tympani nerve (facial) - provides taste to anterior 2/3rds of tongue

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6
Q

What are the functions of the oral cavity?

A 
Taste
Mastication (teeth, tongue)
Speech (tongue, cheek, lips)
Digestion (salivary enzymes)
Swallowing (tongue, hard and soft palate)
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7
Q

Where does the anterior 2/3rds of the tongue derive from?

A

1st branchial arch

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8
Q

What innervates the anterior 2/3rds of the tongue?

A 
Lingual nerve (sensation)
Chorda tympani (taste)
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9
Q

Where does the posterior 1/3rd of the tongue derive from?

A

3rd branchial arch

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10
Q

What innervates the posterior 1/3rd of the tongue?

A

CN IX

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11
Q

What are the different papillae found on the tongue?

A

Filliform - do not contain taste buds
Fungiform - scattered throughout dorsum of tongue
Folliate - rudimentary
Circumvallate - row just anterior to sulcus terminalis

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12
Q

What do intrinsic muscles do in the tongue?

A

Alter shape

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13
Q

What do extrinsic muscles do in the tongue?

A

Alter position

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14
Q

What is the nerve supply of the muscles in the tongue?

A

CN XII - hypoglossal supplies all but palatoglossus (supplied by pharyngeal plexus - CN iX - X)

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15
Q

What are the extrinsic muscles of the tongue?

A

Genioglossus
Styloglossus
Hypoglossus
Palatoglossus

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16
Q

What are the functions of the tongue?

A

Taste
Mastication
Swallowing
Speech

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17
Q

What are the 4 muscles involved in mastication?

A

Lateral pterygoid
Medial pterygoid
Temporalis
Masseter

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18
Q

What supplies the muscles of mastication?

A

CN V3

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19
Q

What is the function of the muscles of mastication?

A

Act on TMJ - food positioned between teeth for grinding by action of tongue and cheek

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20
Q

What are the boundaries of the oropharynx?

A

Lower border of soft palate to upper margin of epiglottis
Palatoglossal arch to posterior pharyngeal wall
Lateral = facial pillars and palatine tonsils

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21
Q

What type of epithelium is in the oropharynx?

A

Stratified, non-keratinised squamous

22
Q

What is the nerve supply of the oropharynx?

A

Pharyngeal plexus (CN IX and X)

23
Q

What is the blood supply of the hypopharynx?

A

Superior thyroid artery
Lingual artery
Ascending pharyngeal artery

24
Q

What is the nerve supply of the hypopharynx?

A

Pharyngeal plexus

25
Q

What are the boundaries of the hypopharynx?

A

Superior margin of epiglottis to lower border of cricoid cartilage
Continuous with oesophagus
Anterior wall = back of larynx

26
Q

What are the 3 subsites of the hypopharynx?

A

Pyriform sinus
Post-cricoid area
Posterior pharyngeal wall

27
Q

What are the 3 phases of swallowing?

A

Oral phase (voluntary)
Pharyngeal
Oesophageal

28
Q

What is the oral phase of swallowing?

A

Tongue propels food in pharynx

Triggers swallowing reflex

29
Q

What is the pharyngeal phase of swallowing?

A

Soft palate pulled upwards
Epiglottis covers larynx, larynx moves upward
Upper oesophageal sphincter relaxes
Respiration is reflex inhibited

30
Q

What is the oesophageal phase of swallowing?

A

Once bolus passed UOS, sphincter constricts

Bolus propelled downwards by peristaltic motion, reflex via myenteric plexus

31
Q

What is myenteric plexus?

A

Provides motor innervation to both layers of the tunica muscularis - both sympathetic and parasympathetic input

32
Q

What are the functions of the larynx?

A

Part of respiratory tract
Voice
Swallowing

33
Q

What are the 3 parts of the larynx?

A

Supraglottis
Glottis
Subglottic

34
Q

Where is the supraglottis?

A

Extends from superior tip of epiglottis to floor of ventricular fold

35
Q

Where is the glottis?

A

Begins superiorly at true vocal fold and extends inferiorly to horizontal plane 5mm inferior to the vocal cord

36
Q

Where is the subglottis?

A

Begins 5mm below the free edge of the true vocal cord and proceeds to the inferior border of the cricoid cartilage

37
Q

What are the 7 segments of cartilages in the larynx?

A

Cricoid
Thyroid
Epiglottis
Paired arytenoid cartilages (corniculate and cuneiform)

38
Q

What are the extrinsic muscles of the larynx?

A

Infrahyoid
Suprahyoid
Thyrohyoid

39
Q

What is the difference between the roles of extrinsic and intrinsic muscles in the larynx?

A 
Extrinsic = move the entire laryngeal complex
Intrinsic = regulate movement of vocal folds
40
Q

What is the motor innervation of the larynx?

A

All intrinsic muscles are supplied by recurrent laryngeal nerve except for cricothyroid muscle (external laryngeal nerve)

41
Q

What is the sensory innervation of the larynx?

A

Supraglottic: internal laryngeal nerve

Glottic + subglottic: recurrent laryngeal nerve

42
Q

Why is the left recurrent laryngeal nerve at a higher risk of injury during operative chest procedures?

A

It has a longer course - it loops around the aortic arch instead of right subclavian

43
Q

Where does the superior laryngeal nerve divide into external and internal branches?

A

At the level of the greater cornu of the hyoid

44
Q

What is the role of the internal superior laryngeal nerve branch?

A

Travels with superior laryngeal artery through the thyrohyoid membrane and allows supraglottic sensation and increased airway protection

45
Q

What is the role of the external superior laryngeal nerve branch?

A

Supplies subglottic mucosal sensation and motor fibers to the cricothyroid muscle

46
Q

What are the 5 steps of speech?

A
  1. Respiration (source of energy)
  2. Phonation (different VC position, tension, vibration and length)
  3. Resonation (oral/nasal balance, depend on nasopharynx, nasal and oral cavity)
  4. Articulation (production of speech)
  5. Prosody (syllable stress + emphasis, speech tone)
47
Q

What is the pulmonary phase of speech?

A

Creates energy flow with inflation and expulsion of air. Provides larynx with a column of air

48
Q

What is the laryngeal phase of speech?

A

Vocal folds vibrate at certain frequencies to create sound that is then modified in the supraglottic/oral/nasal phase

49
Q

How are words formed?

A

By the action of the pharynx, tongue, lips and teeth

50
Q

What is prosody?

A

Rhythm, stress and intonation of speech

Associated with areas 44 and 45 (Broca’s area) of the left frontal lobe

Head and Neck - Year 2 (14 decks)

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