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Head and Neck - Year 2 > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most common type of joint seen between most bones in the skull?

A

Suture joint

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2
Q

What are the 3 parts of the skull?

A

Neurocranium
Facial skull (viscera-cranium)
Mandible

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3
Q

What is the structure of skull bone?

A

Spongy bone (inside) covered by compact bone (outer layers)

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4
Q

What part of the skull bone houses red marrow?

A

Spongy bone

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5
Q

Where is the sagittal suture?

A

Between the 2 parietal bones

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6
Q

Where is the coronal suture?

A

Between the parietal bones and the frontal bone

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7
Q

What bone is the occipital protuberance part of?

A

Occipital bone

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8
Q

What bone is the mastoid process part of?

A

Temporal bone

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9
Q

What bones is the zygomatic arch part of?

A 
Temporal bone (posterior)
Zygomatic bone (anterior)
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10
Q

What bone is the styloid process part of?

A

Temporal bone

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11
Q

What bone is the occipital condyles part of?

A

Occipital bone

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12
Q

What are the 3 fossae of the floor of the skull?

A

Anterior cranial fossa
Middle cranial fossa
Posterior cranial fossa

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13
Q

What are the parts of the sphenoid bone that forms the floor of the skull?

A

Body
Pituitary fossa
Greater wing
Lesser wing

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14
Q

What is the largest foramen in the posterior cranial fossa?

A

Foramen magnum

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15
Q

What are orbits?

A

The sockets for eyeballs

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16
Q

What are air sinuses and sacs?

A

Air spaces in some skull bones

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17
Q

What is the role of air sinuses and sacs?

A

Decreases weight of the skull

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18
Q

Where are air sinuses found?

A

Present in the bones around the nasal cavity and open into it

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19
Q

What are ear ossicles?

A

3 small bones that play a role in hearing

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20
Q

What are the 3 ear ossicles?

A

Hammer
Anvil
Stirrup

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21
Q

Where are the ear ossicles found?

A

Within the petrous part of the temporal bone

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22
Q

Where does the scalp extend to?

A

Anteriorly - eyebrows
Posteriorly - superior nuchal lines
Laterally - superior temporal line

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23
Q

What type of joint is present between the zygomatic bone and the temporal bone at the zygomatic arch?

A

suture

zygomaticotemporal

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24
Q

What are the 5 layers of the scalp?

A 
Skin
Connective tissue
Aponeurosis of the occipitofrontal muscle
Loose areolar connective tissue
Pericranium
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25
Q

What does the epicranial aponeurosis connect?

A

Anterior and posterior bellies of the occipitofrontalis muscle

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26
Q

What is the action produced by contraction of the anterior belly of the occipitofrontalis muscle?

A

Lifts eyebrows and eyelids

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27
Q

What innervates the anterior part of the scalp?

A

Trigeminal Nerve

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28
Q

What are the 3 branches of the trigeminal nerve?

A 
V1 = ophthalmic
V2 = maxillary
V3 = mandibular
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29
Q

What innervates the posterior half of the scalp?

A

Cutaneous branches of cervical spinal nerves C2 and C3

Both anterior and posterior rami of these nerves supply scalp

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30
Q

What structure forms from the ventral rami of C5 to T1 and what does it innervate?

A

Brachial plexus

Innervates the upper limbs

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31
Q

Which layer of the scalp are blood vessels present?

A

Loose areolar connective tissue

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32
Q

What are the branches of the internal carotid artery?

A

Supratrochlear

Supraorbital

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33
Q

What are the branches of the external carotid artery?

A

Superficial temporal
Posterior auricular
Occipital

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34
Q

What are emissary veins?

A

Valveless veins

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35
Q

What is diploe?

A

Spongy cancellous bone between inner and outer layers of the cortical bone of the skull

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36
Q

What complication can arise from scalp infection due to emissary veins?

A

Pus and blood can spread easily along emissary veins from the scalp into the meninges and cause meningitis

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37
Q

Where are the muscles of facial expression found?

A

In the superficial fascia of the face and neck

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38
Q

How does muscles of facial expression differ from skeletal muscle?

A

Facial muscles are superficial whereas skeletal muscle is deep
Facial muscles attach to other muscles or skin whereas skeletal muscles attach to bone

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39
Q

What innervates the muscles of facial expression?

A

CN VII (facial nerve)

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40
Q

Which foramen does the facial nerve emerge onto the side of the face?

A

Stylomastoid foramen

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41
Q

What are the 2 bony points on either side of the stylomastoid foramen?

A

Styloid process

Mastoid process

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42
Q

What is the gland on the side of the face?

A

Parotid salivary gland

43
Q

What does intracranial injury/damage to the facial nerves result in?

A

Facial palsy

44
Q

What happens to the eyelids as a result of facial palsy?

A

Lower eyelid droops

Can’t close eye properly

45
Q

What happens to the corner of the mouth as a result of facial palsy?

A

Unable to raise affected side

46
Q

What happens to the cheek during chewing as a result of facial palsy?

A

Food collects in the weak side because the cheek cannot push food to the centre of the mouth

47
Q

What are the 3 pairs of salivary glands?

A

Parotid
Submandibular
Sublingual

48
Q

Where are the small salivary glands found?

A

In the mucosa of the soft palate, cheeks and tongue

49
Q

What does the long base of the parotid gland overlie?

A

Anterior border of the sternocleidomastoid muscle

50
Q

Where does the parotid gland extend superiorly?

A

Zygomatic arch

51
Q

Where does the parotid gland extend inferiorly?

A

Angle of the mandible

52
Q

What does the apex of the parotid gland lie over?

A

Masseter muscle

53
Q

Where does the parotid gland extend posteriorly?

A

Just anterior to the external auditory meatus

54
Q

What type of gland is the parotid gland?

A

Exocrine

55
Q

What nerve branches emerge from the anterior border of the parotid gland?

A

Zygomatic branches

56
Q

How does the parotid duct get from the gland to oral cavity?

A

Runs forward, superficial to the masseter muscle and pierces the buccinator into the oral cavity

57
Q

Where does the parotid duct open into in the oral cavity?

A

Opposite maxillary 2nd molar

58
Q

What cranial nerve enters/leaves the parotid gland?

A

CN VII (facial)

59
Q

What artery enters/leaves the parotid gland?

A

External carotid artery

60
Q

What vein enters/leaves the parotid gland?

A

Retromandibular vein

61
Q

What type of innervation does the parotid gland receive?

A

Both sympathetic and parasympathetic

62
Q

What division of the autonomic nervous system would be secretomotor to the parotid salivary gland?

A

Parasympathetic

63
Q

Which cranial nerve carries parasympathetic fibres for the parotid gland?

A

V3 (CN V)

64
Q

Where does the sympathetic innervation to the parotid gland originate from?

A

Superior cervical ganglion

paravertebral chain

65
Q

What artery of the head and neck the facial and superficial temporal arteries branches of?

A

External carotid artery

66
Q

What bone does the facial artery wind around to reach the face?

A

Mandible

67
Q

What muscle on the side of the face lies immediately posterior to the facial artery as it enters onto the face?

A

Masseter

68
Q

What gland does the facial artery groove just before it emerges onto the face?

A

Parotid

69
Q

Where does the facial artery end?

A

Divides into terminal branches after exiting the stylomastoid foramen

70
Q

Which major vein in the neck does the facial and superficial temporal veins drain into?

A

Retromandibular vein which drains into the internal jugular vein

71
Q

What are the 4 compartments of the neck?

A

Vertebral
Vascular
Visceral
Musculofascial collar

72
Q

What does the vertebral compartment contain?

A 
Cervical vertebrae
Postural muscles (prevertebral + postvertebral)
73
Q

What does the vascular compartments contain?

A

Compartment on each side of neck

Contains major blood vessels and the vagus nerve

74
Q

What does the visceral compartment contain?

A 
Thyroid
Parathyroid glands
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Oesophagus
75
Q

How many cervical vertebrae are there?

A

7

76
Q

What kind of joint is present between the occipital condyles and C1 (atlas)?

A

Condyloid

77
Q

What kind of joint is present between C1 and C2 at the odontoid peg?

A

Pivot

78
Q

What structures pass through the foramen transversium?

A

Vertebral artery + vein

Sympathetic nerve plexus

79
Q

What is the vertabra prominens?

A

C7 - long spinous process which is palpable

80
Q

What is the special feature of the spines of cervical vertebrae?

A

Short, bifid

81
Q

What curvature exists in the cervical portion of the vertebral column?

A

Lordotic

82
Q

What is the superior boundary of the anterior triangle?

A

Mandible

83
Q

What is the posterior boundary of the anterior triangle?

A

Sternocleidomastoid

84
Q

What is the anterior boundary of the anterior triangle?

A

Midline of neck from chin to jugular notch

85
Q

What is the anterior boundary of the posterior triangle?

A

Sternocleidomastoid

86
Q

What is the posterior boundary of the posterior triangle?

A

Trapezius

87
Q

What is the inferior boundary of the posterior triangle?

A

Middle 1/3rd clavicle

88
Q

What are the attachments of the sternocleidomastoid?

A

Sternum (manubrium)
Clavicle
Mastoid process (temporal bone)

89
Q

What does the trapezius muscle do?

A

Moves the scapula

90
Q

What cranial nerve innervates the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius?

A

CN XI (accessory nerve)

91
Q

What are the strap muscles of the neck?

A

Sternohyoid
Sternothyroid
Thryohyoid
Omohyoid

92
Q

Which artery is the right common carotid a branch of?

A

Brachiocephalic trunk

93
Q

What artery is the left common carotid a branch of?

A

Aorta (arch)

94
Q

What 3 structures are in the carotid sheath?

A

Common carotid artery
Internal jugular vein
Vagus nerve

95
Q

What level does the common carotid divide into external and internal carotid arteries?

A

Upper border of the thyroid cartilage (C3/C4)

96
Q

Which carotid artery gives off branches in the neck?

A

External carotid

97
Q

Which carotid artery is the most lateral?

A

Internal carotid

98
Q

What are the 2 terminal branches of the external carotid artery?

A

Maxillary and superficial temporal arteries that are given off in the parotid salivary gland

99
Q

Which vein does the internal jugular vein merge with and what vein is formed?

A

Merges with subclavian vein to form brachiocephalic trunk

100
Q

Where does the external jugular vein run in relation to the sternocleidomastoid muscle?

A

Superficial

101
Q

Which vein does the external jugular vein drain into?

A

Subclavian vein

102
Q

Where does the vagus nerve lie compared to other structures in the carotid sheath?

A

Posteriorly

103
Q

Where does the phrenic nerve lie in relation to the carotid sheath?

A

Posteriorly

Head and Neck - Year 2 (14 decks)

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