Nose/Sinus

Question 1

What is the function of the nasal airway?

Answer 1

Warms and humidifies air
Important for neonates (breathe through nose)
Immune barrier
Smell
Drainage of middle ear (eustachian tube)
Drainage of paranasal sinuses and lacrimal duct

Question 2

What type of epithelium lines the first 1/3 of the nose?

Answer 2

Stratified squamous epithelium

Question 3

What type of epithelium lines the posterior 2/3 of the nose?

Answer 3

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Question 4

What is the function of the sinuses?

Answer 4

Reservoir of warm air
Lightens skull
Crumple zones 
Vocal resonance
Immune barrier

Question 5

How much of your nose is bony and how much is cartilaginous?

Answer 5

1/3 bony

2/3 cartilaginous

Question 6

What is the different between broken bones and broken/bent cartilage in nasal trauma?

Answer 6

Bones - move back before healing

Cartilage - cannot be easily unbent

Question 7

What forms the roof of the nose?

Answer 7

Skull base/Cribiform plate

Question 8

What forms the wall of the nose?

Answer 8

Turbinates

Question 9

What forms the floor of the nose?

Answer 9

Hard palate

Question 10

What makes up the septum?

Answer 10

Septal cartilage
Vomer
Perpendicular plate of ethmoid

Question 11

Where does cartilage in the septum get its blood supply from?

Answer 11

Mucosa overlying cartilage

Relevant in septal haematoma

Question 12

What is a septal haematoma?

Answer 12

Blood between the muscoa and nasal septum

Question 13

What happens as a result of a septal haematoma?

Answer 13

No blood supply to septum = septal necroses

Can lead to perforation

Question 14

What are turbinates?

Answer 14

Bony scroll-like projections from lateral wall of nose

Question 15

What is the function of the nasolacrimal duct?

Answer 15

Drainage pathway of lacrimal secretions from the lacrimal sac

Question 16

Where does the nasolacrimal duct drain into?

Answer 16

Opens under inferior turbinate in nose

Question 17

Where is the frontal sinus located?

Answer 17

Behind eyebrows

Question 18

Where does the frontal sinus drain?

Answer 18

Into frontal recess via middle meatus

Question 19

Where are the ethmoid sinuses located?

Answer 19

Between eyes (posterior and anterior)

Question 20

Where does the anterior ethmoid sinus drain to?

Answer 20

Middle meatus

Question 21

Where does the posterior ethmoid sinus drain to?

Answer 21

Superior meatus

Question 22

what drains the sphenoid sinus?

Answer 22

Spenoethmoidal recess

Question 23

What are the complications of sinusitis in relation to the sphenoid sinus?

Answer 23

Pressure on optic nerve

Severe sinusitis can cause neurological complications

Question 24

Where is the maxillary sinus located?

Answer 24

Behind each cheek

Question 25

How is the maxillary sinus drained?

Answer 25

Via middle meatus

Question 26

What is the medical management of sinusitis?

Answer 26

Remove allergic triggers
Treat infection
Reduce inflammation (steroids)
Surgery (remove polyps, open sinus drainage pathways)

Question 27

What are the risks of surgery to treat sinusitis?

Answer 27

Orbital damage from damage to lamina papyracea

CSF leak and meningitis from damage to skull base

Question 28

What does the external nose receive its blood supply from?

Answer 28

Sphenopalatine artery (via maxillary artery)
Great palatine (via maxillary artery)
Superior labial (via facial artery)

Question 29

What does the internal nose receive its blood supply from?

Answer 29

Anterior and posterior ethmoidal artery (via opthalmic)

Question 30

What is the most common site of nosebleeds?

Answer 30

Little’s area

Question 31

What supplies nasal innervation?

Answer 31

CN V1 (opthalmic) and V2 (maxillary)
Sensation - vidian nerve (parasympathetic)

Question 32

What are the structures found in the post nasal space?

Answer 32

Adenoids
Eustachian tube opening
Soft palate muscles attachment to eustachian tube
Fossa of Rosenmuller