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Head and Neck - Year 2 > Ear > Flashcards

Ear Flashcards

1
Q

What occurs in the external ear?

A

Receives sound waves

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2
Q

What occurs in the middle ear?

A

Transmits sound waves from air to bone
Amplifies by bone to bone
Transmits sound to inner ear

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3
Q

What occurs in the inner ear?

A

Sound waves converted to nerve impulses (transmitted to CNS via acoustic nerve)
Contains vestibular organs

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4
Q

What type of epithelium is found on the PINNA?

A

Stratified keratinised epithelium

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5
Q

What type of cartilage is found on the PINNA?

A

Elastic - blood supply from overlying dense connective tissue/perichondrium

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6
Q

What type of glands are found in the skin of the lateral 1/3 of the external ear canal and what do they secrete?

A

Curuminous and sebaceous glands

Modified sweat glands that produce wax

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7
Q

What happens to the hairs as you move medially into the external ear canal?

A

Hair is thick on the outside and becomes finer

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8
Q

What is the lateral 1/3 of the external ear canal made of?

A

Skin and cartilage

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9
Q

What is the medial 2/3 of the external ear canal made of?

A

Skin and bone
No hairs/cilia
No wax

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10
Q

How does the skin grow in the external ear canal?

A

Grows from umbo of tympanic membrane outwards

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11
Q

How is skin maintained in the external ear canal?

A

Constantly shed and renewed

Shed in lateral 1/3 of canal and trapped in wax as part of cleaning mechanism

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12
Q

Why is the ear canal prone to infections?

A

Warm, wet. blinded ended

Can be bacterial or fungal

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13
Q

What is bacterial otitis externa caused by?

A

Pseudomonas or staph aureus

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14
Q

What are the 3 layers of the tympanic membrane?

A

Outer - continuous with skin of EAC
Middle fibrous layer
Cuboidal epithelium

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15
Q

What are the contents of the middle ear?

A 
Ossicular chain
Oval window
Round window
Facial nerve (chorda tympani)
Eustachian tube opening
Mastoid air cells
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16
Q

What are the 3 parts of the ossicles?

A

Malleus (hammer)
Incus (anvil)
Stapes (stirrup)

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17
Q

What is the function of the ossicles?

A

Conduct sound waves from tympanic membrane to inner ear via oval window
Amplification of sound
Very important in sound conduction

18
Q

What can disruption of sound conduction in the ossicles be caused by?

A 
Trauma 
Bony sclerosis (otosclerosis)
19
Q

What is the process of hearing?

A 
Direct sound into canal
Tympanic membrane vibrates
Ossicular chain vibrates
Transmitted to oval window of cochlea
Detected by hair cells in organ of corti
Converted to nerve impulses
Transmitted to brainstem via CN VIII
20
Q

What is the eustachian tube?

A

Tube that connects middle ear to nasopharynx

21
Q

What are the functions of the eustachian tube?

A 
Pressure equalisation (gas exchange occurs, vacuum formed in middle ear, vacuum released when eustachian tube opened)
Mucus drainage
22
Q

What is acute otitis media?

A

Infection of the lining of the middle ear

Can be bacterial or viral

23
Q

What are the signs of acute otitis media?

A

Bulging red tympanic membrane
Pus in middle ear
Pain - improves with perforation of TM and pus discharge from ear

24
Q

What are complications of pus in acute otitis media?

A

Pus can also be present in the mastoid air cells which leads to mastoiditis

25
Q

What happens in otitis media with effusion?

A

Eustachian tube isn’t opening = negative pressure which causes fluid being drawn in middle ear which limits mobility of ossicular chain resulting in hearing loss
Occurs easily in children due to narrow eustachian tube, large adenoids at opening

26
Q

Why is otitis media with effusion an issue in children?

A

Needs to be treated because it is an important time for language learning
90% improves in 3 months
If after 3 months a GROMMET may be inserted

27
Q

What is cholesteatoma?

A

Negative pressure which sucks in tympanic membrane forms retraction pocket
Retraction pocket enlarges over time which results in skin no longer being able to move out = ball of keratin stuck in middle ear which slowly destroys and invades structures
Can be congenital

28
Q

What are the complications of otitis media and cholesteatoma?

A 
Problems involving:
Meninges
Middle cranial fossa
Facial nerve
Mastoid cavity
Inner ear
Sigmoid sinus/IJV
29
Q

What are the 6 segments of the facial nerve?

A 
Intracranial
Meatal (internal auditory meatus)
Labyrinthine
Tympanic
Mastoid
Extratemporal
30
Q

What muscles of facial expression does the facial nerve give motor supply?

A

Stapedius
Posterior belly of digastric
Stylohyoid

31
Q

What are the 5 branches of the facial nerve?

A 
Temporal
Zygomatic
Buccal
Marginal mandibular
Cervical
32
Q

What is the cochlear?

A

Organ of corti - involved in hearing
Bony and membranous labyrinth
Membranous labyrinth contains perilymph and endolymph

33
Q

What makes up the peripheral vestibular apparatus?

A

Utricle
Saccule
Semicircular canals

34
Q

What nerve supplies the inner ear?

A

Vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII)

35
Q

What is the role of the semicircular canals in balance?

A

Detect head rotation

36
Q

What is the role of the saccule in balance?

A

Detects linear acceleration in vertical plane

37
Q

What is the role of the utricle in balance?

A

Detects linear acceleration in horizontal plane

38
Q

What nerve supplies sensation to the middle ear?

A

Tympanic branch of glossopharyngeal nerve

= Jacobson’s nerve

39
Q

What nerve supplies sensation to the posterior half of the external auditory canal?

A

Auricular branch of vagus nerve

= Arnold’s nerve

40
Q

What nerve supplies the anterior half of the external auditory canal?

A

Facial nerve

41
Q

What nerve supplies the pinna?

A

Mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve

Head and Neck - Year 2 (14 decks)

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