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Anatomy > Thorax Lectures > Flashcards

Thorax Lectures Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 5 boundaries of the thorax?

A

cranially = thoracic inlet (approx at level of 1st rib)

caudally = diaphragm

sides = ribs (muscle / subcutaneous tissues and skin)

dorsally = mostly vertebral column, epaxial muscles and skin

ventrally = sternum, muscles and skin

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2
Q

is the area of the ribs equal to the area of the lungs?

A

nope, some other abdominal organs are also under the ribs

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3
Q

what are the collective functions of thoracic muscles

A

-mechanical and infection protection
-thermodynamics
-hydration
-respiration (inspiration is causative effect; expiration is predominatly recoil)
-locomotion (syncarcosis for formation, union of parts by skeleton muscle)

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4
Q

what are the extrinsic muscles that are part of thoracic wall and involved in the synsarcosis (8)

A

cutaneous trunci, trapezius, rhomboideus, latissimus dorsi, serratus group of muscles, brachiocephalicus, omotransversarius, pectorals

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5
Q

what serratus muscle isnt really present in the dog

A

serratus dorsalis caudalis

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6
Q

what muscles do you have to remove to see the serratus dorsalis

A

serratus ventralis cervical and thoracic portion

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7
Q

origin, insertion and action of the serratus ventralis cervicus

A

origin = fascia serrata of the scapula

insertion = transverse processes of the last five cervical ribs

action= support of the trunk, carry trunk forward and backward, carry the shoulder forward and backward with respect to the limb

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8
Q

origin, insertion and action of the serratus ventralis thoracic

A

origin = fascia serrata of the scapula

insertion = transverse processes of the first five ribs

action = support of the trunk, carry trunk forward and backward, carry the shoulder forward and backward with respect to the limb

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9
Q

origin, insertion and action of the serratus dorsalis cranialis

A

origin = the thoracic fascia and spines of the first six to eighth thoracic vertebrae

insertion = cranial border and lateral surfaces of ribs two to ten

action = lift the ribs for inspiration

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10
Q

origin, insertion and action of the serratus dorsalis caudalis

A

origin = thoracolumbar fascia

insertion = caudal border of last three to eight ribs

action = draws the last three or more ribs caudally for inspiratoin

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11
Q

direction of fibers for external intercostal muscles, and action

A

runs craniodorsal to caudoventral

pulls ribs cranially, assists in inspiration

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12
Q

direction of fibers for external intercostal muscles, and action

A

runs caudodorsal to cranioventral

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13
Q

where is the transversus thoracis (parasternal) muscle located and what is its action

A

located inside the rib cage, from sternum to costochondral junction

pulls costal cartilage inward; assists in expiration

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14
Q

what are the epaxial muscles

A

spinalis thoracis
longissimus
iliocostalis thoracis

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15
Q

what does the retractor costae do, where is it

A

keeps ribs in place, looks like it is on the start of the lumbar spine and last rib?

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16
Q

where is the rectus thoracis

A

on the first to fourth rib

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17
Q

where does the levator costae muscles run, what do they do

A

runs from the tip of the transverse process of vertebrae cranially to upper aspect of rib caudally

they anchor the rib to the next vertebrae

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18
Q

thoracic wall nerves - what are they (4) and what are they part of

A

dorsal cutaneous nerves = dorsal primary branches of spinal nerves

lateral cutaneous nerves = ventral primary branches of spinal nerves

lateral thoracic nerve = contribution from brachial plexus

intercostobrachial = some part of brachial plexus and some part of intercostals

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19
Q

what is behind each rib and where do you never cut

A

intercostal vein, artery and nerve

always cut cranial to the rib, never caudal or else you will cut into them

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20
Q

what is the pleural cavity and pleura

A

pleural cavity is the body cavity that holds the lungs

pleura is the serous membrane that folds onto itself to form a two layered membrane

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21
Q

what does the costal parietal pleura cover

A

elevated thoracic wall

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22
Q

what does the diaphagmatic parietal pleura cover

A

diaphragm

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23
Q

what does the mediastinal parietal pleura cover

A

mediasteinum, including heart

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24
Q

what does the visceral (pulmonary) pleura cover

A

caudal, middle, cranial lobes of the right lung

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25
Q

what is revealed when the right lung is reflected

A

phrenic nerve, thymus, azygos vein, internal thoracic artery

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26
Q

what species have a left azygous vein

A

ruminants

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27
Q

what animal doesnt have a pleural sac

A

elephants

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28
Q

what does visceral vs parietal pertain to

A

visceral is pertaining to the organs
parietal is pertaining to the wall

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29
Q

why is there a “danger area” past the first rib

A

because the pleural sacs can extend cranially past the 1st rib so its not fully protected, be careful if cutting into this area as it can cause air to enter and possibly collapse lung

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30
Q

what is the parietal pleura divided into

A

costal pleura, mediastinal pleura, diaphragmatic pleura,

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31
Q

what is the importance of the costodiaphragmatic recess

A

its the space the lungs can use, but dont in normal circumstances

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32
Q

what is the line of pleural reflection

A

where the diaphragmatic portion of pleura connects with costal portion of pleura (i think this is where the recess is?)

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33
Q

where is the cardiac notch of the left lung in horses

A

3 through 6 intercostal spaces

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34
Q

line of pleural reflection in horses

A

extends along the 8th and 9th costal cartilages, crosses the costochondral junction of the 9th rib and passes caudodorsally in a gentle curve at a progressively increasing distance from the costocondral junctions of the succeeding ribs

it reaches the middle of the cranial border of the last rib and turns craniomedially ending at the vertebral end of the last (17th) intercostal space

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35
Q

bovine cardiac notch

A

ventral one-third of the 3rd and 4th intercostal space

36
Q

bovine line of pleural reflection

A

extends from the knee of the 7th or 8th rib, through a point ventral to the middle of the 11th rib to the angle of the last rib at the lateral border of the muscles at the back

37
Q

what is the diaphragm

A

its a dome shaped musculo-tendinous separation between the thoracic and abdominal cavities

38
Q

what are the parts of the diaphragm

A

right and left costal parts
sternal part
right and left crura (tendinous)
central tendon

39
Q

what are the openings of the diaphragm

A

aortic hiatus
esophogeal hiatus
caval foramen
lesser apertures (for nerves like the vagus nerve)

40
Q

where do the crura attach

A

to the ventral surfaces of the bodies of the third and fourth lumbar vertebrae

41
Q

what is the most susceptible organ in trauma cases

A

diaphragm

42
Q

thoracic duct - what does it carry and where is it located

A

carries chyle, a liquid containing both lymph and emulsified fats, rather than pure lymph

located ONLY ON THE LEFT SIDE. extends fromthe abdomen, crosses diaphragm through aortic hiatus and then empties into jugular vein or the cranial vena cava near the heart

43
Q

important nerves of the thorax

A

vagus, right recurrent laryngeal, phrenic, vagosympathetic trunk, sympathetic trunk, cervicothoracic ganglion

44
Q

where does the vagus nerve split and into what

A

after crossing the heart splits into dorsal and ventral branches

45
Q

what does the phrenic nerve innervate

A

diaphragm

46
Q

recurrent laryngeal nerves (left and right)

A

left one makes a loop around the aortic arch and finally innervates laryngeal muscles (lateral cricoarytenoid)
**if this is damaged it can cause roaring in the horse

right one curves around the right subclavian artery

47
Q

what is the vagosympathetic trunk

A

combined vagus and sympathetic trunk in the neck collectively, they separate at the thoracic inlet

48
Q

sympathetic trunk (chain)
cervicothoracic ganglion

A

sympathetic trunk is the series of connected ganglia on either side of the vertebral column

cervicothoracic ganglion = an important sympathetic ganglion located close to the head of the first rib; sympathetic innervation to the head passes through this ganglion (also call stellate or star ganglion)

49
Q

blood supply to the thoracic wall - what are the segmental intercostal arteries and segmental intercostal veins and where do they go

A

arteries:
-dorsal intercostals = directly off aorta
-ventral intercostals = off the internal thoracic

veins:
-dorsal veins to azygous vein (paired in ruminants, only on R side otherwise)
-ventral veins to internal thoracic vein

50
Q

what vessels anastamose and where

A

Dorsal intercostals directly off the aorta and the ventral intercostals come off of the internal thoracic but they anastomose (meet together) somewhere in the middle of the ribs

51
Q

what does the trachea do and where is it

A

passes the air from the larynx to the lungs and vice versa

it starts from the cricoid cartilage (larynx) and ends at the roots of the lungs where it bifurcates (called “carina”; dorsal to the heart, by 4th-6th ribs)

52
Q

structure of the trachea

A

composed of incomplete cartilage rings (open dorsally)

trachealis muscle is attached to the inside cartilages and covers the gap

has some glands that secrete mucus (has cilia that sweeps the tiny particles and mucus towards the larynx)

53
Q

trachea branching

A

trachea –> primary bronchi (goes to each lung lobe) –> segmental bronchi (secondary and tertiary) –> broncioles (no cartilage) –> alveoli (gas exhange)

respiratory surface = sum of the alveoli

54
Q

lung lobes of the dog

A

left lung = cranial lobe (cranial and caudal part), caudal lobe

right lung = cranial lobe, middle lobe, caudal lobe, accessory lobe

55
Q

horse lung lobe differences

A

no middle lobe on the right lung

on the left, there are no cranial and caudal parts of the cranial lobe. its all one

56
Q

cow lung lobe differences

A

the right cranial lobe has cranial and caudal parts

57
Q

horse aortic arch

A

one branch out of the aorta is the brachiocephalic trunk.

then branches into left subclavian, right subclavian, and above that is thr bicarotid trunk that splits into the common carotids (2)

58
Q

dog aortic arch

A

two branches off the aorta

1 = left subclavian
2 = brachiocephalic trunks that goes into the right subclavian and common carotids cranially

59
Q

what does the left subclavian artery turn into

A

axillary artery

60
Q

what arteries branch off of the left subclavian in dogs

A

vertebral artery
costocervical trunk
internal thoracic artery
superficial cervical artery

61
Q

branching of left subclavian in horse

A

vertebral, deep cervical, costocervical trunk, superficial cervical, internal thoracic

and left subclavian turns into axillary

62
Q

branching in sheep

A

brachiocephalic trunk turns into left subclavian… branching is costocervical trunk, superficial cervical, internal thoracic, vertebral and the left subclavian turns into axillary

63
Q

extent of the heart within the thoracic cavity for different species, and how it sits in situ

A

ruminants = 2nd intercostal space to 5th IS
horse = 2nd IS to 6th IS
dog = 3rd rib to 6th IS
cat = 3rd IS to 6-7th rib

in situ the right ventricle sits more cranially

64
Q

pericardium - types and consequences of fluid accumulation in it

A

fibrous pericardium (strength)
partietal and visceral pericardium (liquor pericardii)

consequence is cardiac tamponade and pericarditis

65
Q

heart ligaments - names, location and what they do

A

steropericardial ligament; between heart (pericardium) and sternum. it maintains the apex of the pericardial sac in relatively fixed position near the sternum

phrenicopericardial ligament: between the heart and the diaphragm. it maintains the apex of the pericardial sac in relatively fixed position with the diaphragm

66
Q

what is an auricle, what does it have and what does it do

A

its a blind pocket of each atrium, is has pectinate muscles

adds to the size of the atrium and decreases the turbulence

67
Q

what is a moderator band, and what does it do

A

also called septomarginal band or trabeculae

its a band between the septum and the outer wall of the ventricle (right side I think?)

conducting pulses

68
Q

what is the plica vena cava

A

very thin membrane connecting vena cava to diaphragm

69
Q

what is the name for the ligamentum arteriosum in fetus’

A

ductus anteriosum

70
Q

does the tricuspid or bicuspid valve come first? where is it

A

tricuspid, right atrium to right ventricle

71
Q

location of the heart, angles in different species

A

middle mediastinum, mostly (60%) at the left side. has base (dorsal) and apex (ventral)

cat = ~30 degrees
dog = ~45 degrees
cow = ~75 degrees
horse = ~90 degrees

72
Q

what is a puncta

A

a point or small area

73
Q

what are the punctas, where are they and what can you hear in each
EQUINE

A

-puncta maxima

  1. right AV valve (tricuspid). its on the right side, low in 3rd or 4th IC space (THIS IS ONLY ON THE RIGHT SIDE….. THE OTHERS ARE ON THE LEFT)
  2. aortic valve. high in 4th IC space below horizontal line through shoulder joint
  3. left AV valve (bicuspid). low in 5th IC space caudodorsal to olecranon
  4. pulmonary valve. low in IC space 3 above costochondral junction
74
Q

what is the order to hear the different valves with a stethescope

A

PAM

pulmonary - 3rd low
aortic - 4th high
mitral - 5th low

75
Q

anatomical zones to differentiate between heart murmurs - what for the left vs right

A

the left chest wall is typically divided with respect to point of maximum intensity into two positions:
-left heart base (includes both the pulmonic valve and aortic valve areas)
-left heart apex (mitral value area)

the right chest wall is typically divided with respect to point of maximum intensity into two positions:
-mid heart (tricuspid valve area)
-sternal border (typical of a ventral septal defect

76
Q

BOVINE punctas

A

aortic valve - high in 4th IC space below horizontal line through shoulder joint

pulmonary valve - low in IC space 3 above costochondral junction

left AV valve (bicuspid). low in 4th IC space dorsal to olecranon

right AV valve (tricuspid). its on the right side, low in 3rd or 4th IC space (THIS IS ONLY ON THE RIGHT SIDE….. THE OTHERS ARE ON THE LEFT)

77
Q

what is a common cause of sudden death is horses from

A

cordae tendinae that arent working properly

78
Q

what do cordae tendinae come off of

A

papillary muscles (its an extension of heart muscle, finger like projections)

79
Q

coronary arteries - where do they arise from and what do they turn into

A

arise at the beginning of the aorta, just proximal to aortic valve

left coronary artery (bigger one); bifurcates into paraconal (descending) and circumflex (encircling) heart

right coronary artery; gives rise to subsinousal branch

80
Q

how does the blood get nutrition from the heart

A

aortic sinuses

81
Q

coronary veins - what does cardiac vein return, termination of main coronary vein

A

cardiac veins returns deoxygenated blood to the right atrium as a single vessel (great cardiac vein)

the termination of the main coronary vein (great cardiac vein) in the right atrium is called the coronary sinus

82
Q

cardiac innervation - what is included and where does it come from, beating rate

A

receives both sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers
-sympathetic from sympathetic trunk = increases heart rate
-parasympathetic from vagus nerve (CNX) = slows heart rate

83
Q

fossa ovalis - what is it, what connects

A

its an open hole (foramen ovale) in the fetus

connects right and left sides, similar to the function of the ductus arteriosus

84
Q

what is a ventral septal defect, where does it occur and what happens

A

VSD is a hole in the heart, its a congenital defect

the hole occurs in the interventricular septum

this allows blood to pass from the left to the right side of the heart. the oxygen rich blood then gets pumped back to the lungs instead of out to the body causing the heart to work much harder

85
Q

what is the tetralogy of fallot

A

VSD, pulmonary stenosis, hypertrophy of right ventricle and overriding aorta all happen at once

Anatomy (12 decks)

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