Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Anatomy > Thorax Lectures > Flashcards

Thorax Lectures Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 5 boundaries of the thorax?

A

cranially = thoracic inlet (approx at level of 1st rib)

caudally = diaphragm

sides = ribs (muscle / subcutaneous tissues and skin)

dorsally = mostly vertebral column, epaxial muscles and skin

ventrally = sternum, muscles and skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

is the area of the ribs equal to the area of the lungs?

A

nope, some other abdominal organs are also under the ribs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are the collective functions of thoracic muscles

A

-mechanical and infection protection
-thermodynamics
-hydration
-respiration (inspiration is causative effect; expiration is predominatly recoil)
-locomotion (syncarcosis for formation, union of parts by skeleton muscle)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are the extrinsic muscles that are part of thoracic wall and involved in the synsarcosis (8)

A

cutaneous trunci, trapezius, rhomboideus, latissimus dorsi, serratus group of muscles, brachiocephalicus, omotransversarius, pectorals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what serratus muscle isnt really present in the dog

A

serratus dorsalis caudalis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what muscles do you have to remove to see the serratus dorsalis

A

serratus ventralis cervical and thoracic portion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

origin, insertion and action of the serratus ventralis cervicus

A

origin = fascia serrata of the scapula

insertion = transverse processes of the last five cervical ribs

action= support of the trunk, carry trunk forward and backward, carry the shoulder forward and backward with respect to the limb

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

origin, insertion and action of the serratus ventralis thoracic

A

origin = fascia serrata of the scapula

insertion = transverse processes of the first five ribs

action = support of the trunk, carry trunk forward and backward, carry the shoulder forward and backward with respect to the limb

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

origin, insertion and action of the serratus dorsalis cranialis

A

origin = the thoracic fascia and spines of the first six to eighth thoracic vertebrae

insertion = cranial border and lateral surfaces of ribs two to ten

action = lift the ribs for inspiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

origin, insertion and action of the serratus dorsalis caudalis

A

origin = thoracolumbar fascia

insertion = caudal border of last three to eight ribs

action = draws the last three or more ribs caudally for inspiratoin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

direction of fibers for external intercostal muscles, and action

A

runs craniodorsal to caudoventral

pulls ribs cranially, assists in inspiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

direction of fibers for external intercostal muscles, and action

A

runs caudodorsal to cranioventral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

where is the transversus thoracis (parasternal) muscle located and what is its action

A

located inside the rib cage, from sternum to costochondral junction

pulls costal cartilage inward; assists in expiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what are the epaxial muscles

A

spinalis thoracis
longissimus
iliocostalis thoracis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what does the retractor costae do, where is it

A

keeps ribs in place, looks like it is on the start of the lumbar spine and last rib?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

where is the rectus thoracis

A

on the first to fourth rib

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

where does the levator costae muscles run, what do they do

A

runs from the tip of the transverse process of vertebrae cranially to upper aspect of rib caudally

they anchor the rib to the next vertebrae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

thoracic wall nerves - what are they (4) and what are they part of

A

dorsal cutaneous nerves = dorsal primary branches of spinal nerves

lateral cutaneous nerves = ventral primary branches of spinal nerves

lateral thoracic nerve = contribution from brachial plexus

intercostobrachial = some part of brachial plexus and some part of intercostals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is behind each rib and where do you never cut

A

intercostal vein, artery and nerve

always cut cranial to the rib, never caudal or else you will cut into them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is the pleural cavity and pleura

A

pleural cavity is the body cavity that holds the lungs

pleura is the serous membrane that folds onto itself to form a two layered membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what does the costal parietal pleura cover

A

elevated thoracic wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what does the diaphagmatic parietal pleura cover

A

diaphragm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what does the mediastinal parietal pleura cover

A

mediasteinum, including heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what does the visceral (pulmonary) pleura cover

A

caudal, middle, cranial lobes of the right lung

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
what is revealed when the right lung is reflected
phrenic nerve, thymus, azygos vein, internal thoracic artery
26
what species have a left azygous vein
ruminants
27
what animal doesnt have a pleural sac
elephants
28
what does visceral vs parietal pertain to
visceral is pertaining to the organs parietal is pertaining to the wall
29
why is there a "danger area" past the first rib
because the pleural sacs can extend cranially past the 1st rib so its not fully protected, be careful if cutting into this area as it can cause air to enter and possibly collapse lung
30
what is the parietal pleura divided into
costal pleura, mediastinal pleura, diaphragmatic pleura,
31
what is the importance of the costodiaphragmatic recess
its the space the lungs can use, but dont in normal circumstances
32
what is the line of pleural reflection
where the diaphragmatic portion of pleura connects with costal portion of pleura (i think this is where the recess is?)
33
where is the cardiac notch of the left lung in horses
3 through 6 intercostal spaces
34
line of pleural reflection in horses
extends along the 8th and 9th costal cartilages, crosses the costochondral junction of the 9th rib and passes caudodorsally in a gentle curve at a progressively increasing distance from the costocondral junctions of the succeeding ribs it reaches the middle of the cranial border of the last rib and turns craniomedially ending at the vertebral end of the last (17th) intercostal space
35
bovine cardiac notch
ventral one-third of the 3rd and 4th intercostal space
36
bovine line of pleural reflection
extends from the knee of the 7th or 8th rib, through a point ventral to the middle of the 11th rib to the angle of the last rib at the lateral border of the muscles at the back
37
what is the diaphragm
its a dome shaped musculo-tendinous separation between the thoracic and abdominal cavities
38
what are the parts of the diaphragm
right and left costal parts sternal part right and left crura (tendinous) central tendon
39
what are the openings of the diaphragm
aortic hiatus esophogeal hiatus caval foramen lesser apertures (for nerves like the vagus nerve)
40
where do the crura attach
to the ventral surfaces of the bodies of the third and fourth lumbar vertebrae
41
what is the most susceptible organ in trauma cases
diaphragm
42
thoracic duct - what does it carry and where is it located
carries chyle, a liquid containing both lymph and emulsified fats, rather than pure lymph located ONLY ON THE LEFT SIDE. extends fromthe abdomen, crosses diaphragm through aortic hiatus and then empties into jugular vein or the cranial vena cava near the heart
43
important nerves of the thorax
vagus, right recurrent laryngeal, phrenic, vagosympathetic trunk, sympathetic trunk, cervicothoracic ganglion
44
where does the vagus nerve split and into what
after crossing the heart splits into dorsal and ventral branches
45
what does the phrenic nerve innervate
diaphragm
46
recurrent laryngeal nerves (left and right)
left one makes a loop around the aortic arch and finally innervates laryngeal muscles (lateral cricoarytenoid) **if this is damaged it can cause roaring in the horse right one curves around the right subclavian artery
47
what is the vagosympathetic trunk
combined vagus and sympathetic trunk in the neck collectively, they separate at the thoracic inlet
48
sympathetic trunk (chain) cervicothoracic ganglion
sympathetic trunk is the series of connected ganglia on either side of the vertebral column cervicothoracic ganglion = an important sympathetic ganglion located close to the head of the first rib; sympathetic innervation to the head passes through this ganglion (also call stellate or star ganglion)
49
blood supply to the thoracic wall - what are the segmental intercostal arteries and segmental intercostal veins and where do they go
arteries: -dorsal intercostals = directly off aorta -ventral intercostals = off the internal thoracic veins: -dorsal veins to azygous vein (paired in ruminants, only on R side otherwise) -ventral veins to internal thoracic vein
50
what vessels anastamose and where
Dorsal intercostals directly off the aorta and the ventral intercostals come off of the internal thoracic but they anastomose (meet together) somewhere in the middle of the ribs
51
what does the trachea do and where is it
passes the air from the larynx to the lungs and vice versa it starts from the cricoid cartilage (larynx) and ends at the roots of the lungs where it bifurcates (called "carina"; dorsal to the heart, by 4th-6th ribs)
52
structure of the trachea
composed of incomplete cartilage rings (open dorsally) trachealis muscle is attached to the inside cartilages and covers the gap has some glands that secrete mucus (has cilia that sweeps the tiny particles and mucus towards the larynx)
53
trachea branching
trachea --> primary bronchi (goes to each lung lobe) --> segmental bronchi (secondary and tertiary) --> broncioles (no cartilage) --> alveoli (gas exhange) respiratory surface = sum of the alveoli
54
lung lobes of the dog
left lung = cranial lobe (cranial and caudal part), caudal lobe right lung = cranial lobe, middle lobe, caudal lobe, accessory lobe
55
horse lung lobe differences
no middle lobe on the right lung on the left, there are no cranial and caudal parts of the cranial lobe. its all one
56
cow lung lobe differences
the right cranial lobe has cranial and caudal parts
57
horse aortic arch
one branch out of the aorta is the brachiocephalic trunk. then branches into left subclavian, right subclavian, and above that is thr bicarotid trunk that splits into the common carotids (2)
58
dog aortic arch
two branches off the aorta 1 = left subclavian 2 = brachiocephalic trunks that goes into the right subclavian and common carotids cranially
59
what does the left subclavian artery turn into
axillary artery
60
what arteries branch off of the left subclavian in dogs
vertebral artery costocervical trunk internal thoracic artery superficial cervical artery
61
branching of left subclavian in horse
vertebral, deep cervical, costocervical trunk, superficial cervical, internal thoracic and left subclavian turns into axillary
62
branching in sheep
brachiocephalic trunk turns into left subclavian... branching is costocervical trunk, superficial cervical, internal thoracic, vertebral and the left subclavian turns into axillary
63
extent of the heart within the thoracic cavity for different species, and how it sits in situ
ruminants = 2nd intercostal space to 5th IS horse = 2nd IS to 6th IS dog = 3rd rib to 6th IS cat = 3rd IS to 6-7th rib in situ the right ventricle sits more cranially
64
pericardium - types and consequences of fluid accumulation in it
fibrous pericardium (strength) partietal and visceral pericardium (liquor pericardii) consequence is cardiac tamponade and pericarditis
65
heart ligaments - names, location and what they do
steropericardial ligament; between heart (pericardium) and sternum. it maintains the apex of the pericardial sac in relatively fixed position near the sternum phrenicopericardial ligament: between the heart and the diaphragm. it maintains the apex of the pericardial sac in relatively fixed position with the diaphragm
66
what is an auricle, what does it have and what does it do
its a blind pocket of each atrium, is has pectinate muscles adds to the size of the atrium and decreases the turbulence
67
what is a moderator band, and what does it do
also called septomarginal band or trabeculae its a band between the septum and the outer wall of the ventricle (right side I think?) conducting pulses
68
what is the plica vena cava
very thin membrane connecting vena cava to diaphragm
69
what is the name for the ligamentum arteriosum in fetus'
ductus anteriosum
70
does the tricuspid or bicuspid valve come first? where is it
tricuspid, right atrium to right ventricle
71
location of the heart, angles in different species
middle mediastinum, mostly (60%) at the left side. has base (dorsal) and apex (ventral) cat = ~30 degrees dog = ~45 degrees cow = ~75 degrees horse = ~90 degrees
72
what is a puncta
a point or small area
73
what are the punctas, where are they and what can you hear in each EQUINE
-puncta maxima 1. right AV valve (tricuspid). its on the right side, low in 3rd or 4th IC space (THIS IS ONLY ON THE RIGHT SIDE..... THE OTHERS ARE ON THE LEFT) 2. aortic valve. high in 4th IC space below horizontal line through shoulder joint 3. left AV valve (bicuspid). low in 5th IC space caudodorsal to olecranon 4. pulmonary valve. low in IC space 3 above costochondral junction
74
what is the order to hear the different valves with a stethescope
PAM pulmonary - 3rd low aortic - 4th high mitral - 5th low
75
anatomical zones to differentiate between heart murmurs - what for the left vs right
the left chest wall is typically divided with respect to point of maximum intensity into two positions: -left heart base (includes both the pulmonic valve and aortic valve areas) -left heart apex (mitral value area) the right chest wall is typically divided with respect to point of maximum intensity into two positions: -mid heart (tricuspid valve area) -sternal border (typical of a ventral septal defect
76
BOVINE punctas
aortic valve - high in 4th IC space below horizontal line through shoulder joint pulmonary valve - low in IC space 3 above costochondral junction left AV valve (bicuspid). low in 4th IC space dorsal to olecranon right AV valve (tricuspid). its on the right side, low in 3rd or 4th IC space (THIS IS ONLY ON THE RIGHT SIDE..... THE OTHERS ARE ON THE LEFT)
77
what is a common cause of sudden death is horses from
cordae tendinae that arent working properly
78
what do cordae tendinae come off of
papillary muscles (its an extension of heart muscle, finger like projections)
79
coronary arteries - where do they arise from and what do they turn into
arise at the beginning of the aorta, just proximal to aortic valve left coronary artery (bigger one); bifurcates into paraconal (descending) and circumflex (encircling) heart right coronary artery; gives rise to subsinousal branch
80
how does the blood get nutrition from the heart
aortic sinuses
81
coronary veins - what does cardiac vein return, termination of main coronary vein
cardiac veins returns deoxygenated blood to the right atrium as a single vessel (great cardiac vein) the termination of the main coronary vein (great cardiac vein) in the right atrium is called the coronary sinus
82
cardiac innervation - what is included and where does it come from, beating rate
receives both sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers -sympathetic from sympathetic trunk = increases heart rate -parasympathetic from vagus nerve (CNX) = slows heart rate
83
fossa ovalis - what is it, what connects
its an open hole (foramen ovale) in the fetus connects right and left sides, similar to the function of the ductus arteriosus
84
what is a ventral septal defect, where does it occur and what happens
VSD is a hole in the heart, its a congenital defect the hole occurs in the interventricular septum this allows blood to pass from the left to the right side of the heart. the oxygen rich blood then gets pumped back to the lungs instead of out to the body causing the heart to work much harder
85
what is the tetralogy of fallot
VSD, pulmonary stenosis, hypertrophy of right ventricle and overriding aorta all happen at once

Anatomy (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions