Pelvis 1 Flashcards
what are the parts of the pelvic skeleton
what parts are present in early development then disappears
-ilium, ischium, pubis, sarcum
-acetabular vone
whats another name for the hip socket
acetabulum
what makes up the pelvic symphasis
pubic symphysis and ischial symphysis
what attaches to the wing of the ileum
gluteal muscles
whats the name for ventral and dorsal iliac spines in large animals
sacral tuber (dorsal), coxal tuber (ventral)
where does the external genitalia begin
at the ischial arch
what is the promontory of sacrum
its the area of the sacrum that is not in line with the lumbar vertebrae which creates more space in the bony pelvis
where is the sacrotuberous ligament, and what species isnt it present in
caudolateral portion of sacrum to ischial tuber
not present in cat
where is the sacroiliac and sacrosciatic ligaments in the horse
lateral sacrum to sacral tuber of ilium
lateral sacrum to ilium and ischium
what passes through the greater and lesser sciatic foramen
greater = sciatic nerve, cranial gluteal artery/vein/nerve, caudal gluteal artery/vein/nerve
lesser = tendon for the internal obturator muscle
where do you find peritoneum
it lines the pelvic cavity. NOT PRESENT in the perineum
definitions of peritoneum and perineum
peritoneum = the serous lining of the abdominal and pelvic cavities
perineum = the contents of the caudal part of the pelvic canal, caudal to the pelvic cavity, no peritoneum
where do you find the pararectal fossa
its the space/depression on either side of the rectum
where is the rectogenital pouch, vesciogenital pouch and pubovesical pouch in females
what is the difference in males
rectogenital = between rectum and female reprotract
vesicogenital = between female repro tract and bladder
pubovesical = underneath the bladder
in males, the vesciogenital pouch and pubovesical pouch are combined as the rectovesical pouch
what are the ligaments associated with the bladder
lateral ligament (paired) and ventral ligament (single)
what is the female repro tract suspended by
the broad ligament
what attaches the rectum to the dorsal body wall
mesorectum
what is the perineal region
its the region of skin caudal to perineum and surrounding external genitalia
what is the perineal body
fibrous fascial “shelf” between anus and genital opening
what is the origin and insertion of the coccygeus muscle
origin = ischial spine
insertion = transverse processes of tail vertebrae
what is the origin and insertion of the levator ani muscle
origin = iliac shaft and pelvis symphysis
insertion = tail and anus
what is the ischiorectal
depression between ischium and rectum. usually filled with adipose tissue and CT, covered in hair.
what is the iliopsoas muscle and where is its origin and insertion
its a compound muscle made up of the psoas major muscle and iliacus muscle
origin=lumbar vertebrae and wings of ilium, sacrum
insertion = lesser trochanter (femur)
what are the main vessels that branch off the abdominal arota for all species pelvis
paired external iliac arteries (outside pelvis)
paired internal iliac arteries (inside pelvis)
median sacral artery (tail, probably wont see)
where does the aorta split and why
cranial to the promentory, because it minimizes the change of the pelvic vessels being pinched off otherwise
what two arteries branch off of the external iliac muscle
femoral artery and deep femoral artery (stays closer to pelvic area than femoral, supplies muscles around it)
what branches off the inernal iliac, and what does the internal iliac turn into? and what do they supply
internal pudendal branches off the internal iliac, and it supplies the pelvic viscera
the internal iliac turns into the caudal gluteal and it supplies muscles around the lumbosacral area and gluteal muscles
where does the ovarian artery branch off of for canine
off the aorta, directly to the ovary
where does the vaginal artery branch off of for canine
what would it be for males instead
off the internal pudendal artery
in males it would be the prostatic artery that branches off internal pudendal instead
where does the uterine artery branch off of for canine
off of vaginal artery
waht does the internal pudendal artery turn into caudally for canines
becomes ventral perineal artery which supplies the vulva and associated structures
where does the caudal vescial artery branch from in the canine and what does it supply
off of the vaginal artery, and it supplies the caudal end of the bladder
what does the uterine artery supply
uterus and cervix
what does the vaginal artery supply
vagina
what does the perineal artery supply
vulva
where does the umbilical artery come from and what does it turn into and supply (canine)
it comes off the internal iliac artery and once it gets near the bladder it terminates and becomes the cranial vesical artery that supplies the cranial end of the bladder
where does the external pudendal artery come from and what does it supply
comes off the external iliac arter and supplies external genitalia like labia, scrotum in males
where does the pudendoepigastric trunk come from and what does it turn into
branches off of the deep femoral artery nd gives off the deep caudal epigastric, superficial caudal epigastric and external pudendal
what does the superficial caudal epigastric artery supply
abdominal wall, mammary glands
where does the uterine artery come off in the HORSE
comes off of external iliac artery
what artery is in horses only and what does it supply
obturator ARTERY is in horses only and it comes off of the cranial gluteal artery, supplies the penis for erection
what is special about the internal iliac artery and umbilical artery in ruminants
internal iliac artery is long and gives off cranial gluteal artery just really caudal
umbilical artery is sometimes very large before shrinking dramatically before going to the bladder
where does the prostatic or vaginal arteries branch from in ruminants
branches from internal iliac
where does the uterine artery come from in ruminants
uterine artery comes from the umbilical artery and has a uterine branch off the vaginal artery
what nerves are part of the lumbosacral plexus and what do they supply motor function to
femoral nerve = motor to quadriceps femoris muscle
obturator muscle = motor to medial adductor muscle
sciatic nerve = motor to caudal thigh muscle
what nerves are part of the sacral ventral rami and what do they supply sensory/motor function to
pudendal nerve = sensory to anus and external genitalia; motor to perineal region muscle
caudal rectal nerve = sensory to rectum and perineal skin; motor to coccygeas muscle and levator ani muscle
what nerves are part of the pelvic plexus and what part of the nervous system to they control, result
hypogastric nerve (hold) = smpathetic: relax bladder and erectile tissues, decrease GI motility. promotes urine storage, inhibits paristalsis, ejaculation and return to flaccid state
pelvic nerve (pee) = parasympathetic: bladder contraction, vasodilation of erectile tissue, increase GI motility. promotes urine voiding, motility of the colon, vasodilation of erectile tissues
what is a plexus
they reorganize axons from several spinal levels so that nerves leaving the plexus have axons from more than one level
a plexus generates collateral innervation
lumbosacral plexus; sections for lumbar and sacral nnerves, what does the plexus consist of, what does it supply
supplies most structures of the hindlimbs
consists of ventral branches/rami of lumbar and sacral nerves
lumbar nerves = L4-7
sacral nerves = S1-2/3
=plexus covers L4-S3
femoral nerve; where does it pass through, what accompanies it, what is it necessary for
passes through the iliopsoas muscle, accompanies external iliac artery
innervates muscles that extends the stifle
necessary for weight bearing
obturator nerve; where does it pass through, what does it innervate, what is it necessary for
passes through obturator foramen, innervates medial adductor muscle, necessary to aduct legs
sciatic nerve; size, where does it pass, what does it innervate
largest nerve in the plexus
passes caudal to acetabulum (via greater sciatic foramen)
innervates caudal thigh muscle and muscles distal to stifle
what ligament is not in cats
sacrotuberous ligament; its a muscle attachment site
pudendal nerve; where does it pass, where does motor and sensory go
passes caudal to sciatic nerve
sensory to rectum, repro organs, perineal skin
motor to perineal muscle (bulbospongiosus muscle)
caudal rectal nerve; overlapping, sensory and motor areas
overlapping origin with pudendal nerve
sensory to rectum, perineal skin
motor to anal sphincter, levator ani and coccygeus muscle
what does retroperitoneal kidneys mean
what are pendulum kidneys
retro = kidneys behind parietal peritoneum
pendulus = suspended by a mesentary like membrane
urogenital system; how does urine drain, what is bladder and its sphincter made up of
urine drains from renal pelvis, which joins the ureter at the hilus. smooth muscle in the bladder stores urine
bladder has smooth muscle and elastic tissue
bladder sphincter has smooth and striated muscle (skeletal)
difference between male and femal urethra
female = relatively short
male = longer, divided into two parts (intrapelvic and extrapelvic[penile])
do any species lack ampullary glands
nope, all the ones we study will have them
do any species lack vesicular glands
dogs and cats
type of prostate glands for rabbit, cat, dog, sheep, ox, horse
compact = rabbit, cat, dog, horse
diffuse = sheep
both = ox
do any species lack bulbourethral glands
dogs do, cats are really small that sometimes might be missed
scrotal position of rabbit, cat, dog, sheep, ox, horse
cranial to penis = rabbit
perineal = cat
intermediate = dog and horse
inguinal = sheep and ox
penis type for rabbit, cat, dog, sheep, ox, horse
musculocaverous = rabbit, cat, dog, horse
fibroelastic with sigmoidal flexure = sheep, ox
what is the function of the testis, epididymis, ductus deferens in the male urogenital system
where does the ductus deferens join the urethra
testes = production of spermatozoa, fluids and hormones
epididymis = store maturing and mature spermatozoa
ductus deferens = conveys spermatozoa
ductus deferens joins urethra at the prostate gland
where do the testes leave the perineal cavity
through the inguinal canal
what does the gubernaculum do
its the fibrous structure connected to the base of the testes and the lining of the scrotum, it guides the testes where to go
what is the vaginal process
its the evagination of peritoneum between parietal and visceral layers in the scrotum
what is a continuation of the internal abdominal oblique muscle
cremaster muscle
what is a continuation of the external abdombinal oblique aponeurosis
external spermatic fascia
what acts as a countercurrent heat exchange and where does this occur
testicular artery, pampiniform plexus (network of veins)
these are the vessels of the spermatic cord
layers of the scrotum covering
visceral vaginal tunic (directly on the testes)
parietal vaginal tunic
external spermatic fascia
what is included in the spermatic cord
ductus deferens, testicular vessels and nerves, vaginal tunics (parietal and visceral)
what is the mesoductus and mesorchium
mesoductus supports the ductus deferens
mesorchium supports blood vessels and testes, its above the pampinoform plexus
what are the four accessory glands for males
ampullary, bulbourethral, vesicular, prostate
what is the erectile tissue surrounding the urethra called
corpus spongiosum, there are distal and proximal increases in diameter of it, which are the glans(distal) and urethral bulb (proximal)
what is the corpus caverosum
additional, dorsally positioned cavernous itssues
what is the crus
its the corpus cavernosum surrounded by a CT sheath
in the musculocavernous penis, where is corpus cavernosum and spongiosum present
cavernosum is mostly present at the caudal end of the penis (base)
spongiosum is only present at the cranial end of the penis (tip)
what muscles cover the bulb and the crura
bulb is covered by bulbospongiosus muscle
crura is covered by ischiocavernosus muscle
what is a baculum and what species do you find it
its an os penis, its found in carnivores, rodents and some primates
what is special about a feline penis
theres a barbed surface of the glans, unless the animal was neutered early then it wouldnt as prominent
its a way to stay in the female
what are three arteries to the penis in canines and where do they branch from
they all branch from the internal pudendal artery
the internal pudendal turns into the dorsal artery of the penis (to glans)
a branch is the artery to the bulb and spongiosum
another branch is the deep artery of the penis (to corpus cavernosum
what is the preputial ring in equine
its the circular ring surrounding the glans
what is specific to the glans of the equine penis
fossa glandis, its a depression around it. have to clean it out because there are secretions like smegma that can consolidate and cause issues
this is what sheath cleaning is related to
what is the corona
is the part of the glans on the outside that flares out at ejaculation
flow of urine in female urogenital system, is the bladder and sphincter make up the same as male
urine drains from renal pelvis, renal pelvis joins ureter at hilus, smooth muscle in ureters, bladder stores urine
same make up as male
function of ovary and uterine tube, and parts of the uterine tube
ovary produces ova and hormones
uterine tube is narrow, convoluted and conveys ova to horns
infundibulum is the funnel like open end of the uterine tube
fimbriae are finger like processes fringing the infundibulum
lumen of uterine tube is lined with cilia
what is a special feature of a bovine cervix
there is a fornix which is a depression around the cervix, important to watch out for when doing AI in cows
what is the vestibule in females
its the union of the vagina and urethra
features of duplex repro tract, species
2 uteri, 2 cervixes, 1 vagina
rabbits, rodents
features of the bicornuate repro tract, species
2 horns, 1 small body, 1 cervix, 1 vagina
pigs, carnivores, horses, ewes
features of simplex repro tract, species
0 horns, 1 body, 1 cervix, 1 vagina
humans, primates
what are the parts of the broad ligament
as a whole the broad ligament suspends majority of the repro tract
mesovarium = suspends ovaries
mesosalpinx = uterine tube
mesometrium = uterine body/horns
what are the ligaments of the connecting peritonea in females
broad ligament
suspensory ligament (of the ovary in carnivores)
proper ligament of ovary (all species, connects ovary to uterine horn)
round ligament (female equivalent of gubernaculum)
what is the ovary wrapped in
ovarian bursa, envelope of peritoneum
what ligament do you find in ruminants, and specifics in the horse
bovine have a dorsal and ventral part of an intercornual ligament
only one set in the horse
