Abdomen Lectures Flashcards
what are the walls of the abdomen (divisions and parts within each)
divded into cranial, middle and caudal parts
cranial = xyphoid and hypochondriac (on either side of xyphoid section)
middle = umbilical and flank on either side of that
caudal = inguinal and pubic underneath it
what part of the abdomen is a landmark for surgery
umbilical region
what is the general idea of internal extent of abdomen
multiple layers of muscles to contain the heavy abdominal organs
3 flank/ventral muscles and 1 ventral muscle
superficial abdominal structures
umbilical scar, prepuce (in males) and mammary glands (male and female)
what are three important abdominal landmarks and where are they
linea alba (white line)= aponeuroses of the flank muscles runs from xiphoid cartilage to the cranial end of the pelvic symphysis (via the prepubic tendon)
tunic flava = fascia consists largely of elastic tissue and being yellowish.
prepubic tendon = extends from the bring of the pelvis and joins with the abdominal muscles to support the abdomen and abdominal viscera
what happens if the prepubic tendon ruptures
since the main weight of the abdominal organs is carried by the prepubic tendon, it follows that its rupture has the direct consequences
this is rare but most common in heavily pregnant mares and cows (entire floor of abdomen drops down)
muscles of the abdomen
epaxial, hypaxial/sublumbar, diaphragm, ventrolateral (muscles of flank and abdominal floor)
what abdominal muscles are of high surgical importance
muscles of the flank and abdominal floor
what are the abdominal muscles (4) - what layer and where is it
external abdominal oblique = outer layer, lateral surface of ribs and lumbar fascia to linea alba
internal abdominal oblique = intermediate, tuber coxa to linea alba
transverse abdominis = deepest layer of lateral muscles, transverse process of lumbar vertebrae to linea alba
rectus abdominis = broad band on side of linea alba, six pack muscle, ventral surface of rib to pubic brim by prepubic tendon
what muscle are dermatome nerves in
transverse abdominus
what is the rectus sheath
its a ventral aponeurosis of external abd oblique, internal abd oblique and transverse abd that wraps around the rectus abdominus
why is it important to do sutures at the linea alba
because if you do them here, you can get all three layers of the rectal sheath at once since they all meet up at the linea alba
what forms the iliacopsoas muscle, how do the muscles work
the ilacus and psoas major join to form it.
the psoas is the master muscle of the lower body. its a core muscle that is involved in all lower body movement - jumping, changing directions, laying down, standing up, and forward motion
what is the function of the iliacopsoas muscle
the main function is to flex and externally rotate the hip. think of a male dog trying to urinate
what forms the inguinal canal and for what region
what is included in outpouching of peritoneum
abdominal wall is perforated in the region of the groin by the inguinal canal. before or shortly after birth the testes transmitted through the abdominal wall towards the scrotum
outpouching
-male = cremaster muscle, spermatic cord (ductus deferens, lymphatic vescicles, autonomic nerves, testicular arteries and veins)
-male and female = external pudendal artery and usually vein, efferent vessels from superficial inguinal lymph nodes and genitofemoral nerve
-female = vaginal process which is accompanied by the rough ligament of the uterus
where is the inguinal canal location
its a short fissure with CT between the abdominal muscles
what emerges from the inguinal ring in the male dog
spermatic cord and external pudendal vessels
where do the external pudendal vessels run toward in both male and female
they run toward the superficial inguinal lymph node, where they bifurcate
what spinal nerves run on the transversus abdominus
ventral branches of thoracic and lumbar spinal nerves
what emerges from the inguinal ring in the female dog
vaginal process and external pudendal vessels
what is aponeurosis
thin sheet of CT
what can you see when you reflec the external abdominal oblique aponeurosis
the deep inguinal ring
how is the deep external ring bounded
-cranially by the internal abdominal oblique
-medially by rectur abdominus
-caudally by the inguinal ligament which is the caudal edge of external abdominal oblique aponeurosis
where does the cremaster muscle run
on the spermatic cord