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Human Anatomy > Thorax I (Anatomy of the Thorax, Lungs, & Mediastinum) > Flashcards

Thorax I (Anatomy of the Thorax, Lungs, & Mediastinum) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Thoracic Cage composed of?

A
  • 12 thoracic vertebrae
  • 10 ribs and costal cartilages
  • Sternum
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2
Q

What are the functions of the Thoracic Cage?

A
  • Protects vital organs of thoracic cavity
  • Supports pectoral girdle and upper limbs
  • Provides attachment sites for muscles
  • Resist negative internal pressures generated by the recoil of the lungs
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3
Q

What is the Sternum composed of?

A

Three fused bones that lie in anterior midline of thorax

A. Manubrium

B. Body

C. Xiphoid process

D. Sternal angle

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4
Q

What does the Manubrium (of the Sternum) articulate with?

A

Articulates with clavicles and costal cartilages of ribs 1 and 2

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5
Q

What does the Body of the Sternum articulate with?

A

Articulates with costal cartilages of ribs 2-7

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6
Q

What is the Sternal angle?

A
  • Manubrium meets body
  • Vertebral level of T4/5
  • Important anatomical landmark
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7
Q

What is apart of the Thoracic Vertebrae?

A

A. Heart-shaped vertebral body

B. Long spinous process

C. Costal facet of transverse process

D. Superior costal demifacet

E. Inferior costal demifacet

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8
Q

How many rib pairs are there and where do they attach?

A

12 pairs, all attach posteriorly to thoracic vertebrae

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9
Q

What are the 3 different types of ribs?

A
  • True ribs
  • False ribs
  • Floating ribs

& Intercoastal space

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10
Q

What are the True ribs?

A

1-7
* Attach anteriorly to sternum via their costal cartilages

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11
Q

What are the False ribs?

A

8-10
* Costal cartilages fuse together and join the costal cartilage of rib 7

(don’t have own attachment to sternum)

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12
Q

What are the Floating ribs?

A

11, 12
* Do not attach to the
sternum

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13
Q

What is the Intercostal space?

A

space between adjacent ribs

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14
Q

What does a Typical Rib (3-9) include?

A
  • Head
  • Neck
  • Tubercle
  • Costal groove
  • Body
  • Attachment to costal cartilage
  • Costovertebral joint
  • Costotransverse joint
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15
Q

What part of a Typical Rib (3-9) articulates with demifacets of vertebral bodies?

A

head

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16
Q

What part of a Typical Rib (3-9) articulates with transverse process of vertebra?

A

Tubercle

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17
Q

What are the 2 types of the Thoracic Apertures?

A
  • Superior thoracic aperture (thoracic outlet)
  • Inferior thoracic aperture
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18
Q

What is included in the Superior Thoracic Aperture (thoracic outlet)?

A
  • Esophagus
  • Trachea
  • Vessels and nerves of head and neck
  • Vessels of upper limbs
  • Apex of lung
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19
Q

What is included in the Inferior Thoracic Aperture?

A
  • Closed off by diaphragm
  • Esophagus
  • Inferior vena cava
  • Aorta
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20
Q

What are the Intercostal Muscles?

A
  • Thin sheets of muscles that connect adjacent ribs
  • Close off intercostal spaces
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21
Q

What is the Intercostal Muscles innervation?

A

intercostal nerves

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22
Q

What is the order of superficial to deep?

A
  • External intercostal muscles
  • Internal intercostal muscles
  • Innermost intercostals
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23
Q

What are the External Intercostal Muscles?

A
  • Superficial layer, more lateral
  • Muscle fibers travel infero-medially
    “HANDS IN POCKETS”
  • ELEVATE ribs during FORCED INSPIRATION
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24
Q

What are the Internal Intercostal Muscles?

A
  • Intermediate layer, more medial
  • Muscle fibers travel supero-medially
    “HANDS ON CHEST”
  • DEPRESS ribs during FORCED EXPIRATION
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25
Q

What are the Innermost Intercostal Muscles?

A
  • Deep to internal intercostal muscles
  • Muscle fibers travel supero- medially (same as internal)
  • Depress ribs during forced expiration
  • Neurovascular bundles run between internal and innermost intercostal muscles
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26
Q

What is the Transversus thoracis?

A
  • Group of 4-5 thin muscles on the inner surface of the anterior thoracic wall
  • Run from sternum/xyphoid process to ribs
  • Weakly depress ribs

(apart of the Innermost Intercostal Muscles)

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27
Q

What is the Diaphragm?

A

Primary muscle of inspiration

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28
Q

Where does the Diaphragm originate & insert?

A

Originates from xiphoid process, lumber vertebrae and inferior margin of rib cage

Inserts onto central tendon

Form right and left domes

When diaphragm contracts, domes depress, increases the height of thoracic cavity

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29
Q

What is the Diaphragms innervation?

A

phrenic nerves

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30
Q

What structures do the openings of the Diaphragm allow structures to pass through?

A
  • CAVAL OPENING for inferior vena cava
  • ESOPHAGEAL HIATUS for esophagus
  • AORTIC HIATUS for aorta
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31
Q

What is respiration?

A

Change dimensions of thoracic cavity
→ change intrathoracic pressure
→ move air

32
Q

What is inspiration?

A
  • Intrathoracic volume ↑
  • ↓ Intrathoracic pressure
  • Brings air into lungs
33
Q

Quiet Breathing Inspiration

A

Diaphragm contracts & descends
↑ Height of thoracic cavity

34
Q

Forced Breathing Inspiration

A

Diaphragm contracts
External intercostal and accessory respiratory muscles contract
Elevate ribs and sternum
↑ AP and lateral dimensions

35
Q

What is expiration?

A
  • Intrathoracic volume ↓
  • ↑ Intrathoracic pressure
  • Expel air out of lungs
36
Q

Quiet Breathing Expiration

A

Diaphragm and other inspiratory muscles relax
Elastic recoil of lungs
↓ Intrathoracic volume

37
Q

Forced Breathing Expiration

A

Internal intercoastal and abdominal muscles contract
Depress ribs
↓ AP and lateral dimensions

38
Q

What is apart of the Arterial Supply to the Thoracic Wall?

A
  • Subclavian a.
  • Internal Thoracic a.
  • Anterior Intercostal a.
  • Posterior Intercostal a.
  • Aorta
39
Q

What is apart of the Venous Drainage of the Thoracic Wall?

A
  • Accessory hemiazygos v.
  • Azygos v.
  • Posterior intercostal v.
  • Hemiazygos v.
  • SVC
  • Internal thoracic v.
  • Anterior intercostal v.
40
Q

What is the innervation of the Thoracic Wall?

A

Intercostal nerves
* Anterior rami of T1-T11
* Innervate intercostal muscles
* Cutaneous sensory

41
Q

Where does the Intercostal Neurovascular Bundle run between?

A

Run between INTERNAL and INNERMOST intercostal muscles

42
Q

What is apart of the Thoracic Cavity & what do they contain?

A

Pulmonary cavities (right and left)
* Contains lungs and pleurae

Mediastinum
* Contains heart, great vessels, trachea, esophagus, thymus

43
Q

What is the Pleura & its parts?

A

Serous epithelium with subepithelial connective tissue; 2 continuous parts:
* Parietal pleura (outside layer)
* Visceral pleura

44
Q

Where does the Parietal Pleura adhere & what are the subdivisions?

A

Adheres to the inner surface of the wall of pulmonary cavity

Subdivisions
* Costal parietal pleura
* Cervical parietal pleura
* Mediastinal parietal pleura
* Diaphragmatic parietal pleura

45
Q

What is the innervation of the Parietal Pleura?

A

intercostal and phrenic nerves

46
Q

Where does the Visceral Pleura adhere?

A
  • Adheres to LUNG SURFACE
  • Continuous with the parietal pleura at the hilum of lungs
47
Q

What is the innervation of the Visceral Pleura?

A

sensory fibers accompanying sympathetic fibers

48
Q

What is the Pleural Cavity?

A

Potential space between visceral and parietal pleurae
* Left and right pleural cavities are completely separate

49
Q

What is the Pleural Fluid?

A
  • Secreted by pleurae
  • Reduces friction
  • Provides surface tension to keep the pleural layers adherent
50
Q

What is the Pleural recess?

A
  • Pleura cavity between pleural reflection and lung border
51
Q

What is Pleural Cavity & Respiration?

A

The negative pressure of the pleural cavity and surface tension of the pleural fluid are crucial for keeping the lung moving with the thoracic wall and diaphragm

52
Q

What are the lungs?

A

Within the pulmonary cavities, surrounded by pleural cavities

APEX through the superior thoracic aperture

53
Q

Both lungs have what?

A

Oblique fissures but the right lung has a Horizontal fissure as well

54
Q

What are the root of the lung?

A

structures that enter and exit the lung

55
Q

What is the Hilum?

A

location where structures of the root enter and exit

56
Q

Where are the Pulmonary arteries?

A

superior & anterior

heart –> lungs

57
Q

Where are the Primary bronchi?

A

central & posterior

air tube

58
Q

Where are the Pulmonary veins?

A

inferior & anterior

lungs –> heart

59
Q

What are the additional root structures at Hilum?

A
  • Bronchial arteries & veins
  • Lymph nodes & lymphatic vessels
  • Nerves
60
Q

What is the Trachea?

A
  • Begins at C6 vertebral level, inferior to the cricoid cartilage
  • Bifurcates at carina (@T4/T5) into right and left primary bronchi
  • Wall contains 16-20 C-shaped cartilaginous rings
  • Posteriorly connected by trachealis muscle
61
Q

What are the Primary Bronchi?

A

Right primary bronchus
* Shorter, broader,
more vertical
* 3 branches

Left primary bronchus
* Longer, narrower,
more horizontal
* 2 branches
* Inferior to aortic arch, anterior to esophagus and thoracic aorta

62
Q

What is the Bronchial Tree?

A
  • Primary (1°) bronchus: supply a lung
  • Lobar (2°) bronchus: supply a lobe
  • Segmental (3°) bronchus: supply a bronchopulmonary segment
63
Q

What is the Bronchopulmonary Segment?

A
  • Right lung has 10
  • Left lung has 8-10
  • Each segment is supplied independently by a segmental bronchus and its own pulmonary artery – surgically resectable
64
Q

What is important about the Bronchial Tree?

A

loose cartilage plates as they get smaller

65
Q

What is the Mediastinum & its boundaries?

A

“Middle space” between pulmonary cavities

Boundaries:
* Superior thoracic
aperture
* Diaphragm
* Pulmonary cavities
* Sternum
* Thoracic vertebrae

66
Q

What are the different Mediastinum’s?

A

Superior mediastinum
* Superior to transverse thoracic plane
(sternal angle, T4/T5)

Inferior mediastinum
* Anterior mediastinum
- Between sternum and pericardium
* Middle mediastinum
- Pericardial sac and content
* Posterior mediastinum
- Between pericardium and thoracic vertebrae

67
Q

What are the main organs in the Mediastinum?

A
  • *Thymus (go away around adolescence - helps mature T cells & then goes away)
  • Esophagus
  • Heart in pericardium
  • Trachea
68
Q

What are the nerves in the Mediastinum?

A
  • Recurrent laryngeal n.
  • Vagus n.
  • Phrenic n.
  • Recurrent laryngeal n.
  • Vagus n.
  • Phrenic n.
69
Q

What is the Phrenic Nerve’s origin & where does it go?

A

Origin: cervical plexus (C3,4,5) (keeps diaphragm alive!)

Descends ANTERIOR TO THE ROOT OF
THE LUNG
* Between fibrous pericardium and mediastinal parietal pleura

(formed on top of anterior scalene)

70
Q

What is the Phrenic Nerve’s motor/sensory?

A

Motor to diaphragm

Sensory from:
* Pericardium
* Parietal pleura (mediastinal, diaphragmatic)
* Parietal peritoneum (inferior surface of diaphragm)

71
Q

What is the Vagus Nerve (CN X)?

A
  • Descends in the carotid sheath of the neck
  • Courses POSTERIOR TO ROOT OF LUNG and along esophagus
  • Parasympathetic to autonomic nerve plexuses
  • Cardiac
  • Pulmonary
  • Esophageal
72
Q

What is the Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve?

A

A. Right recurrent laryngeal nerve loops under right subclavian artery
B. Left recurrent laryngeal nerve loops under aortic arch

  • Motor to most muscles of the larynx
  • Sensory from inferior larynx
73
Q

What is the Sympathetic Trunk?

A

Sympathetic output originates from spinal cord T1-L2 (cell bodies of preganglionic neurons)

A. Sympathetic ganglion contains cell bodies of postganglionic neurons
B. Sympathetic trunk connects sympathetic ganglia
* Extends superiorly to the neck and inferiorly to the pelvis
C. Splanchnic nerves contain preganglionic neurons to abdomen

74
Q

What are the Autonomic Nerves in the Mediastinum?

A
  • Vagus n.
  • Sympathetic trunk
  • Cardiac plexus
  • Esophageal plexus
  • Pulmonary plexus
  • Recurrent larygngeal n.
  • Splanchnic n.
75
Q

What is the innervation of lungs & bronchi?

A

Sympathetic fibers
* Bronchodilation
* Vasoconstriction
* ↓ Gland secretion

Parasympathetic fibers
* Bronchoconstriction
* Vasodilation
* ↑ Gland secretion

Sensory fibers
* Reflexive: subconscious sensations
associated with reflexes
- Accompany parasympathetic fibers
* Nociceptive: conscious pain in response to injurious stimuli
- Fibers from visceral pleura and bronchi accompany sympathetic fibers
- Fibers from parietal pleura join intercostal and phrenic nerves

76
Q

What is the Lymphatics in the Mediastinum?

A

Right lymphatic duct drains into right venous angle

Thoracic duct drains into left venous angle

77
Q

Slide 47

A

done

Human Anatomy (15 decks)

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