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Human Anatomy > Anatomy of the Neck > Flashcards

Anatomy of the Neck Flashcards

1
Q

What are in the Neck?

A
  • Muscles
  • Spinal cord
  • Vertebra
  • Common carotid artery
  • Internal jugular vein
  • Esophagus
  • Thyroid gland
  • Trachea
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2
Q

What are the Fascia of the Neck?

A

Deep cervical fascia
* Prevertebral layer
* Carotid sheath
* Pretracheal layer
* Investing layer

Superficial cervical fascia

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3
Q

What are the Bones of the Neck?

A
  • Mastoid process
  • Certival vertebrae (C1-C7)
  • Clavicle
  • Manubrium
  • Trachea
  • Cricoid cartilage
  • Thyroid cartilage
  • Hyoid
  • Mandible
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4
Q

What are the parts of the hyoid?

A
  • Body of hyoid
  • Lesser horn (smaller)
  • Greater horn (larger)
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5
Q

What is apart of the Cervical Vertebrae?

A
  • Bifurcated spinous process
  • Vertebral foramen - houses spinal cord
  • Body
  • Transverse foramen
  • Atlas
  • Dens
  • Axis
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6
Q

What are the Atlanto-occipital & Atlanto-axial Joints?

A

Atlanto-occipital joint
* Nod head

Atlanto-axial joint
* Shake head

(diff. bones on slide 6)

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7
Q

What is the Prevertebral Layer of Deep Cervical Fascia?

A
  • Encloses vertebrae and deep neck/back muscles

3 muscles:
- Anterior: longus colli and longus capitis

  • Lateral: ANTERIOR, MIDDLE and POSTERIOR SCALENE MUSCLES
  • Posterior: deep cervical muscles
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8
Q

What are the Scalene Muscles?

A
  • Transverse processes of cervical vertebrae to 1st and 2nd ribs

Innervation:
* Anterior rami of
C4-C8

Action:
* Flexion of the neck
* Elevates ribs in forced inspiration

(anterior, middle & posterior scalene)

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9
Q

What is the Carotid Sheath of the Deep Cervical Fascia?

A
  • Vagus Nerve
  • Internal jugular vein
  • Common carotid artery
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10
Q

What are the Carotid Arteries?

A
  • External carotid artery
  • Internal carotid artery
  • Common carotid artery
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11
Q

Carotid sinus and carotid body are innervated by carotid sinus nerve (CN __)

A

IX (glossopharyngeal)
* Detect blood pressure and oxygen level

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12
Q

What is Internal Jugular Vein Puncture?

A

in carotid sheath

central line - where a lot of medication can go into & can check BP etc.

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13
Q

What is the Vagus Nerve?

A

Supplies parasympathetic innervation to most organs in the thorax and abdomen

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14
Q

What does the Vagus Nerve do IN THE NECK?

A
  • General sensory from
    pharynx and larynx
  • Somatic motor to pharynx and intrinsic laryngeal muscles
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15
Q

What is the Pretracheal Layer of Deep Cervical Fascia?

A

Includes:

  • Infrahyoid muscles
  • Respiratory organs
  • Larynx
  • Trachea
  • Alimentary organs
  • Pharynx
  • Esophagus
  • Endocrine organs
  • Thyroid gland
  • Parathyroid glands
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16
Q

What are the main parts of the Pharynx?

A
  • Uvula
  • Epiglottis
  • Pharyngoesphageal junction
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17
Q

What is the Larynx?

A
  • Connects the inferior pharynx to the trachea
  • C3-6 vertebral levels

Functions:
* Protects airway
* Phonation (where air voice originates from)
* Directs food and air into esophagus and trachea, respectively

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18
Q

What is the Laryngeal Cartilages (paired & unpaired)?

A

Paired:
- Corniculate cartilage
- Arytenoid cartilage (hold onto vocal cords)
- Vocal cord

Unpaired:
- Epiglottis
- Thyrohyoid membrane
- Thyroid cartilage (means shield)
- Cricothyroid membrane (used if need to get air)
- Cricoid cartilage

19
Q

What are the Laryngeal Folds?

A

VESTIBULAR FOLD (FALSE vocal cord)
* Does not contribute to sound production
* Protection of vocal fold

VOCAL FOLD (TRUE vocal cord)
* Contains vocal ligament and vocalis muscle
* Intrinsic laryngeal muscles change position and tension of vocal folds to produce sounds (phonation)

20
Q

What is Phonation?

A

Abduction of vocal folds

Adduction of vocal folds

(intrinsic laryngeal: move vocal cords to make diff. sounds)

21
Q

Describe the Innervation of the Larynx

A

Superior laryngeal nerve
* Arises from vagus nerve
* Motor to cricothyroid muscle
* Sensory from mucosa above vocal fold

Recurrent laryngeal nerve (disappeared in thorax & came back out)
* A branch of vagus nerve
* Motor to the other intrinsic muscles
* Sensory from mucosa below vocal fold

22
Q

What is the Thyroid Gland?

A
  • Largest endocrine gland
  • Posterior to infrahyoid
    muscles at C5-T1 levels
23
Q

What are the functions of the Thyroid Gland?

A
  • Regulates metabolic rate via thyroid hormones (T3 & T4)
  • Regulates blood calcium via calcitonin
24
Q

What is the Thyroid Vasculature?

A
  • External carotid a.
  • Superior thyroid a. (branch of external carotid a.)
  • Common carotid a.
  • Inferior thyroid a. (branch of thyrocervical trunk)
  • Superior thyroid v. (drains into internal jugular v.)
  • Internal Jugular v. (drain thyroid gland & others)
  • Middle thyroid v. (drains into internal jugular v.)
  • Inferior thyroid v. (drains into brachiocephalic v.)
  • Brachiocephalic v.
24
Q

What is a goiter caused by?

A

iodine deficiency

25
Q

What are the Parathyroid Glands?

A
  • On posterior aspect of thyroid gland
  • Usually 4 glands
  • Regulate calcium and phosphate via parathyroid hormone
26
Q

What is the Retropharyngeal Space?

A
  • Potential space (b/c most of the time it doesn’t exist) consists of loose connective tissue
  • Between the prevertebral layer and the pretracheal layer
  • Closed laterally by carotid sheath
  • Permits movement of structures relative to each other
27
Q

Why is the Retropharyngeal Space called the “Danger space”?

A
  • Major pathway for infection to spread from neck to thorax
  • Avascular therefore poor at healing
28
Q

What are the Hyoid Muscles?

A
  • Muscles attached to the hyoid bone
  • SUPRAHYOID muscles: superior to hyoid
  • INFRAHYOID muscles: inferior to hyoid
29
Q

What are the Suprahyoid Muscles?

A
  • Elevate hyoid bone during speech and swallowing
  • Innervated by V3, VII and C1

(Stylohyoid, Digastric (posterior belly), Digastric (anterior belly), Mylohyoid, Geniohyoid)

30
Q

What are the Infrahyoid Muscles?

A
  • Depress hyoid bone
  • Thyrohyoid elevates
    larynx
  • Sternothyroid depresses larynx
  • Innervated by ansa cervicalis (C1-C3)

(Omohyoid, Sternohyoid, Thyrohyoid, Sternothyroid)

31
Q

What is the Investing Layer of Deep Cervical Fascia?

A
  • Surrounds the entire neck
  • Invests SCM and trapezius muscles

(supplied by CN XI - accessory nerve)

32
Q

What is the Sternocleidomastoid (SCM) Muscle?

A
  • Divides each side of the neck into anterior and lateral cervical regions
33
Q

What is the Sternocleidomastoid (SCM) Muscle SUPERIOR attachment?

A

mastoid process of temporal bone

34
Q

What is the Sternocleidomastoid (SCM) Muscle INTERIOR attachment?

A
  • Sternal head: manubrium of sternum
  • Clavicular head: medial third of clavicle
35
Q

What is the Innervation of the Sternocleidomastoid (SCM) Muscle?

A
  • Spinal accessory nerve (CNXI)
36
Q

What are the actions of the Sternocleidomastoid (SCM) Muscle?

A
  • Lateral flexion with rotation
  • Extension at atlanto-occipital joint
  • Flexion of cervical vertebrae
37
Q

What is the Superficial Cervical Fascia & what does it contain?

A
  • Subcutaneous tissue deep to the skin

Contains:
* Fat
* Superficial veins
* Cutaneous nerves
* PLATYSMA muscle (THIN & supplied by CN VII (facial nerve) therefore muscle in charge of facial expression!

38
Q

What is the Platysma Muscle (within the Superficial Cervical Fascia)?

A
  • Very thin muscle of facial expression
  • Innervated by cervical branch of CN_VII_ (FACIAL NERVE)
  • Action: tenses skin on the neck, depresses skin on chin
39
Q

What are the Cervical Regions?

A
  • Trapezius
  • Posterior Cervical Triangle
  • Sternocleidomastoid (SCM)
  • Anterior Cervical Triangle
40
Q

What is apart of the Anterior Cervical Triangle?

A

Hyoid muscles
* Suprahyoid muscles
– Floor of the mouth, base for tongue, elevate hyoid and larynx
* Infrahyoid muscles
– Anchor hyoid to sternum and clavicle, depress hyoid and larynx

Nerves
* Vagus nerve (CN X)
* Hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)

Vein
* Internal jugular vein

Arteries
* Common carotid artery
– Internal carotid artery
– External carotid artery
— Superior thyroid a.
— Facial a.

41
Q

What is apart of the Posterior Cervical Triangle?

A

Muscles
* Anterior, middle, and posterior scalenes

Nerves
* Spinal accessory nerve(CNXI)
* Phrenicnerve (C3-5): diaphragm
* Roots of brachial plexus (C5-8,T1) between anterior and middle
scalene

Vein
* External jugular vein

Arteries
* Subclavianartery
– Vertebral artery
– Thyrocervical trunk
— Inferior thyroid artery

42
Q

What are the Lymphatics in the Neck?

A

Superficial cervical lymph nodes
- travels with superficial vein

Deep cervical lymph nodes
- travel with deep vein

Human Anatomy (15 decks)

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