Pelvis I: Urinary System Flashcards
What does the Urinary System consist of?
kidneys, the ureters, the bladder and urethra
What are the 4 main functions of the Urinary System?
- Removal of wastes from the body (metabolic wastes; proteins, AA’s etc.)
- Balance of body fluids
- Control blood pressure
- Control of red blood cell production
What is included in the Kidney system?
- paired
- retroperitoneal
What is included in the Ureters system?
- paired
- retroperitoneal
- post to bladder
(bladder –> out)
What is included in the Bladder system?
- Pelvis (pubic symphysis)
- subperitoneal (under peritoneal)
What is included in the Urethra system?
- neck of bladder
- 4cm labia minora
- ~20cm glans penis
(kidney –> bladder)
Where are the Kidneys located?
- Retroperitoneal (posterior
to peritoneum) (meaning: nothing that holds them up there, other than their blood supply) - Right and left hypochondriac regions
- Right one is inferior
- Paravertebral gutter (on each side of the vertebrae on the gutter)
- Moves minorly with respiration
- Obscured by intestines
Renal fascia: anterior & posterior fascia
Gerota’s
Zuckerkandl’s
What does it mean if you have Flank pain?
have pain from kidney problems
Where are the Perirenal fascia?
INSIDE the fascia
Where are the Pararenal spaces?
around (OUTSIDE) the fascia
What is included within the Renal Hilum?
- Renal artery
- Renal vein
ant –> post is VAU
vein
artery
ureter
What is the anatomy of the Perenchyma?
functional tissue to create urine
Cortex
- arches
- columns
Medulla
- Pyramids (large - cone shaped)
- Renal papillae*
What happens in the Renal papillae?
once it passes this it’s called urine (before that it’s called filtrate)
What is the anatomy of the Conducting system for Urine?
- Nephron collecting duct
- Renal papillae
- Minor calices 3-4
- Major calices 3-4
- Renal pelvis
- ureter
Minor –> Major –> Pelvis –> Ureter
What is the blood supply to kidney?
- Abdominal aorta
- Renal artery
- Segmental a.
- Interlobal a
- Arcuate/Cortical a
What is the Nephron?
- Function unit of the kidney
- 1 kidney ~1 million
nephrons - Nephron=filtering unit
What is the anatomy of a Nephron?
Renal corpuscle
* Bowman’s capsule
* Glomerulus
* Proximal and distal convoluted
tubule
- Loop of Henle/nephron loop
- Collecting duct
How is urine produced?
Step 1: Glomerular Filtration
* blood gets filtered through glomerulus
* mostly water, smaller molecules and wastes
Step 2: Tubular reabsorption
* tubule returns needed substances back to blood
* reabsorbs most of the water back and nutrients and minerals your body needs
Step 3 Tubular Secretion
* Removal of left over wastes to filtrate
* Enters in collecting duct (urine, renal papillae)
A kidney:
Both kidneys:
1 million nephrons
20% of total blood volume
Up to 200L of blood in 24 hours
What is the function of Kidneys?
- Removalofwastesfromthebody (urea, creatine, amino acids…)
- Balance of body fluids
- Control blood pressure
- Control of red blood cell production
What is a Ureter?
- 25-30cm long
- Partly retroperitoneal (b/c other part is subperitoneal)
What are the 3 parts of a Ureter?
- Abdominal
- Pelvic
- Intramural (inside the wall of bladder)
Arterial supply from renal arteries, branches of aorta and branches of iliac
What are the areas for kidney stones to get stuck?
(also called renal calculi, nephrolithiasis or urolithiasis)
- depends how much Ca2+ gets stuck
- Ureter (right by kidney)
- Ureter
- Bladder
What is the Bladder?
- subperitoneal (inferior to peritoneum) (underneath peritoneum)
- Extends above pubic symphysis
- Arterial supply; superior and inferior vesical arteries from internal iliac artery
(fills up from bottom to top - holes on bottom)
What are the parts of the bladder?
- Apex
- Body
- fundus
- Detrusor muscle: 3 layers of smooth muscle
- Trigone: triangle made by ureteric orifices and urethra
Detrusor muscle:
3 layers of smooth muscle
Trigone:
triangle made by ureteric orifices and urethra
(smooth area, once bladder gets full, it stretches the trigone area)
What is the difference b/t the Urethra in males/females?
Females don’t have an internal sphincter (not really need)
- why woman cross leg when sneezing after baby to try to contract b/c no internal sphincter
What are the pouches?
Uterus: uterine
Rectum: rectal
Bladder: vesicle
What is the Involuntary Sphincter?
- Detrusor muscle (200ml-500ml)
- Internal urethral sphincter
(signals “urge”)
What is the Voluntary Sphincter?
External urethral sphincter
Urinary Tract Infection:
- Infection in any part of the urinary system
- Most of the time involves lower part of the system
- Women greater risk
(bacteria from outside goes inside)
What are symptoms of UTI’s?
- Strong frequent urge to pee
- Burning sensation
- Only small amounts of urine
- Dark, cloudy or bloody color
What is the treatment of UTI’s?
- Prevention
- Cranberry juice * Maybe? (makes walls slippery - drink lots of water)
- antibiotics
Bladder Incontinence After Childbirth
Incontinence:
- 3 months after birth 1/3 of women Anatomical and hormonal changes to pelvic floor muscles
- Nerve, displacement or episiotomy damage
What is the Bladder Incontinence After Childbirth symptoms?
- Involuntary leaking of urine
- Especially during strenuous activities (laughing, coughing and sneezing)
What is the Bladder Incontinence After Childbirth treatment?
- Time
- Strengthening muscles and lifestyle changes
- Medications for overactive bladder * Nerve modulations
- Pessary (vaginal prosthetic)
