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Human Anatomy > Abdomen I: Abdominal Viscera > Flashcards

Abdomen I: Abdominal Viscera Flashcards

1
Q

What is apart of the Abdominal Viscera

A
  • Stomach/Esophagus
  • Liver
  • Gallbladder
  • Spleen
  • Duodenum
  • Pancreas
  • Intestines
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2
Q

What is the location of the Foregut?

A

Esophagus to Mid Duodenum

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3
Q

What is the location of the Midgut?

A

Mid Duodenum to Left Colic Flexure

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4
Q

What is the location of the Hindgut?

A

Left Colic Flexure to Anus

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5
Q

What is the Arterial Supply of the Foregut?

A

Celiac Trunk

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6
Q

What is the Arterial Supply of the Midgut?

A

Superior Mesenteric

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7
Q

What is the Arterial Supply of the Hindgut?

A

Inferior Mesenteric

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8
Q

What is apart of the Celiac Trunk?

A
  1. Left Gastric artery
  2. Splenic artery
  3. Common Hepatic a.

Extras
4. Inferior phrenic a. (aorta)
5. Esophageal branch (Left gastric a.)

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9
Q

What is the Esophagus?

A

Muscular tube conveying food to stomach

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10
Q

What are the 3 constrictions of the Esophagus?

A
  1. Upper
  2. Middle
  3. Lower
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11
Q

What are the arteries to the Esophagus?

A
  • Aorta
  • Esophageal branches from the Aorta
  • Esophageal branch of left gastric artery
  • Left gastric artery

ANASTOMOSES from above below the diaphragm

VEINS follow the same path as the arteries

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12
Q

What is the Vagus Nerve (CN X)?

A

Parasympathetic innervaton to MOST of the abdominal

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13
Q

What is the stomach?

A

Acidic and mechanical breakdown of food (doesn’t absorb, just holds)

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14
Q

What is the Fundus’ function?

A

no food in here
- just an air bubble (helps with moving food around & mechanical digestion)

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15
Q

What is the purpose of the Rugae in the stomach?

A

for expansion & allows us to breakdown food better

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16
Q

What are the 2 types of Hiatal Hernias?

A
  • Sliding Hernia
  • Para-esophageal Hernia
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17
Q

What is a Sliding Hernia?

A
  • CARDIA PROTRUDES into mediastinum
  • SOME REGURGITATION of stomach contents

some sort of acid reflux will result

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18
Q

What is a Para-esophageal Hernia?

A
  • FUNDUS PROTRUDES into mediastinum
  • NO REGURGITATION of stomach contents (b/c fundus is filled with air)
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19
Q

What are the causes of Hiatal Hernias?

A

Weakening of muscular diagram and widening of hiatus (elderly)

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20
Q

What is the treatment of Hiatal Hernias?

A

Stomach acid suppressant (Antacids); surgical hernia repair (not often)

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21
Q

What is the vasculature of the stomach?

A
  1. Left Gastrica. (Celiac trunk)
  2. Right Gastric a. (Proper hepatic a.)
  3. Gastroduodenal a. (Common Hepatic a.)
  4. Right Gastro-omental a. (Gastroduodeanl a.)
  5. Left Gastro-omental a. (Splenic a.)
  6. Short Gastric a. (Splenic a.)
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22
Q

What is the Bariatric Surgery?

A

Surgical intervention to achieve weight-loss
*makes stomach smaller (affects blood supply as well)

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23
Q

What is the Duodenum?

A

BEGINNING OF ABSORPTION of vitamins, mineral and other nutrients

Superior Mesenteric artery
Superior Mesenteric vein

Suspensory Ligament of the Duodenum (Ligament of Treitz)

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24
Q

Where is Bile from?

A

BILE from liver and pancrea.c enzymes are released via the MAJOR DUODENAL PAPILLA to aid in chemical breakdown of food

(some have a Minor Duodenal Papilla from accessory duct)

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25
Q

What is the Pancreas?

A
  • Aids in digestion by secreting enzymes
  • exocrine function
  • Produces INSULIN and GLUCAGON to control blood sugar
  • endocrine function
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26
Q

What is unique about the Pancreas?

A

*the tail is intraparientanial (only portion that is)

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27
Q

What is apart of the Pancreas?

A
  • Major Duodenal Papilla
  • Hepatopancreatic Ampulla (of Vater)
  • Common Bile Duct
  • Accessory Pancreatic duct (of Santorini)
  • Main Pancreatic duct (of Wirsung)
  • Hepatopancreatic Sphinter (of Oddi)
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28
Q

What is Pancreatic Cancer?

A
  • 75% of cases cancer is associated with the HEAD of the pancreas
  • DIFFICULT TO DIAGNOSE – NO SYMPTOMS in the early stages; Late stage
    cancer associated with symptoms: lack of appetite, weight loss,
    pain in middle back, jaundice (b/c bile duct is constricted)
  • Survival rate is only 7% survival rate aEer 5 years
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29
Q

What is the Spleen?

A
  • Large lymphatic organ that helps filter blood and recycle RBCs
  • Lies in the upper left abdominal quadrant (if you feel spleen then it’s too big & should get checked)
  • Protected by the 9th-12th ribs

no way to control bleeding

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30
Q

What is included in the Spleen?

A

Hilum
- Splenic artery
- Splenic vein

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31
Q

What is a Splenic Rupture?

A
  • Puncture from fractured ribs
  • Rupture of thin capsule due to increase in intra- abdominal pressure

** Most injured organ in abdomen

  • A ruptured spleen will bleed profusely and cause intraperitoneal hemorrhage and shock (b/c doesn’t have BV’s that’ll constrict)
  • A splenectomy is done to prevent the pa<ent from bleeding to death
32
Q

Where is the Liver?

A

Located immediately inferior to the diaphragm

33
Q

What does the Liver do?

A
  • Detoxifies the blood and plays a major role in the metabolism and storage of nutrients
  • Creates bile which is then stored in the gallbladder and released in response to stimuli to aid in the chemical breakdown of food
34
Q

What are the Liver’s attachments/ligaments?

A
  • Coronary Ligament
  • Falciform Ligament
  • Round Ligament of the Liver (Ligament of Teres Hepatitis; obliterated umbilical vein) - when cut after birth
35
Q

What is the Porta Hepatis of the Liver?

A
  • Portal Vein
  • Proper Hepatic Artery
  • Bile duct
36
Q

What is the flow of blood & bile of the liver?

A

Blood flows out of the liver to the IVC via 3 hepatic veins

Portal Triad
1. Proper Hepatic A.
2. Portal Vein
3. Bile Duct

  1. Oxygen rich blood flows into the liver through the proper hepatic artery
  2. Nutrient-rich blood flows into the liver from the bowel through the portal vein (slightly oxygenated)
  3. Bile flows out of the liver by way of the bile duct (toward gallbladder)
37
Q

Where is the Gallbladder?

A

Lies in the gallbladder fossa on the visceral surface of the liver

38
Q

What does the Gallbladder do?

A

Stores bile from the liver un<l it is stimulated to release it into the duodenum by CHOLECYSTOKININ (CCK)

39
Q

What are the Biliary Ducts?

A
  • Right Hepatic Duct
  • LeE Hepatic Duct
  • Common Hepatic Duct
  • Cystic Duct
  • Common Bile Duct
  • Main Pancreatic Duct
40
Q

What is the Arterial Supply to the Liver & Gallbladder?

A

Cystic triangle (of Calot)

  • Liver
  • Hepatic duct
  • Cystic duct
41
Q

What are Gallstones (Cholelithiasis) risk factors?

A
  • Females
  • Obese
  • Fertile (birth control)
  • Age (>40)
42
Q

What are Gallstones (Cholelithiasis) symptoms?

A
  • Cramping
  • Nausea and vomi<ng
  • Back and upper right
    abdomen pain
  • Shoulder pain (b/c diaphragm sends signal & the phrenic n. hits shoulders)
43
Q

What are Gallstones (Cholelithiasis) treatment?

A
  • Low fat diet
  • Cholecystectomy
44
Q

What are the Small Intestine structures?

A

Duodenum, jejunum, and ileum

45
Q

What are the Small Intestine functions?

A

Absorption of nutrients and minerals

46
Q

What are the Small Intestine blood supply?

A

– Celiac Trunk
* Duodenum

– Superior Mesenteric Artery
* Duodenum, Jejunum and Ileum

47
Q

What is within the Intraperitoneal?

A

Jejunum:
* ∼8 ft long
* absorbs nutrients from diet

Ileum:
* ∼12 ft long
* absorbs vitamin B12 and
bile salts (are recycled - reabsorbed in ileum to make more)

48
Q

Jejunum vs. Ileum

A

Jejunum
Mesentery: Thin (relative)
Arcades: Few and large
Vasa recta: Long
Plicae circulares: Dense *(for absorption) - bc we do more

Ileum
Mesentery: Thick
Arcades: Many and small
Vasa recta: Short
Plicae circulares: Sparse

49
Q

What is the Jejunum and Ileum: Blood Supply?

A

SUPERIOR MESENTERIC
ARTERY: Jejunal branches Ileal branches
15-18 branches

ARTERIAL ARCADES

VASA RECTA

MESENTERY

50
Q

What is the Small Intestine Development?

A

Yolk stalk: connects fetal small
intestine to yolk sac

Week 6: intestines herniate into umbilical cord + yolk stalk degenerates

Week 10: intestines return to abdomen, with rota<on

51
Q

What is Omphalocele?

A
  • Caused by failure of intestines to return to abdomen + weak abdominal wall
  • Abdominal contents enclosed in umbilical cord
52
Q

What is the Large Intestine’s function?

A

ABSORBS remaining liquid from undigested materials in
feces production

53
Q

What is the Omental
(Epiploic) Appendages?

A

Fahy Projections

54
Q

What is the Haustra?

A

Sacculations/ pouches between teniae

55
Q

What is the Tenia Coli?

A

3 bands of longitudinal smooth muscle

56
Q

What is the Cecum location & structure?

A
  • Location: RLQ
  • Structure: Blind ended
    pouch
57
Q

What is the Cecum’s function?

A

ABSORB FLUIDS AND SALTS remaining after passage through small intestine

58
Q

What is the blood supply of the Cecum?

A

Ileocolic artery (branch of Superior Mesenteric a.)

59
Q

What is the Appendix function?

A

houses GOOD BACTERIA for re-colonization of the gut flora aMer severe diarrhea or other causes of loss of the natural gut bacteria

60
Q

What are the arteries to the colon - Superior Mesenteric Artery?

A
  • Marginal Artery
  • Middle Colic Artery
  • Superior Mesenteric Artery
  • Right Colic Artery
  • Ileocolic Artery
61
Q

What are the arteries to the Colon – Inferior Mesenteric Artery?

A
  • Marginal Artery
  • Inferior Mesenteric Artery
  • Left Colic Artery
  • Sigmoid Arteries
  • Superior Rectal Artery
  • Abdominal Aorta
62
Q

What is the Venous Drainage of the Foregut?

A
  • Portal Vein
  • Splenic Vein
  • Superior Mesenteric vein (SMV) - midgut
  • Inferior Mesenteric vein (IMV) - hindgut

(drain through liver 1st)

63
Q

What is the Portal-Caval Anastomoses?

A

Communications between the portal venous system and the systemic venous system

  1. Paraumbilical
  2. Esophageal
  3. Rectal
  4. Retroperitoneal
64
Q

What complications could arise from this anastomosis between the two venous systems?

A

Portal Hypertension

INCREASE in venous pressure in the portal venous system due to DECREASE flow through the liver

65
Q

What is the Sympathetic Innervation?

A
  • Presynap<c fibers from T5-L3
  • Passes through SYMPATHETIC TRUNK to Greater (T5-9), Lesser (T10-11) Least (T12) and Lumbar (L1-3) Splanchnic nerves
  • Synapse at prevertebral ganglia (celiac, superior and inferior mesenteric ganglia)
  • POSTSYNAPTIC FIBERS follow arteries to target ORGANS
66
Q

What is the function of the Sympathetic Innervation?

A
  • Inhibit peristalsis
  • Vasoconstriction
67
Q

What is the Sympathetic Innervation of the Foregut?

A

Greater Splanchnic

68
Q

What is the Sympathetic Innervation of the Midgut?

A

Lesser/Least Splanchnic

69
Q

What is the Sympathetic Innervation of the Hindgut?

A

Lumbar Splanchnic

70
Q

What is the Parasympathetic Innervation?

A
  • Anterior and posterior vagal trunks (CN X) of presynaptic fibers pass through the celiac and superior mesenteric ganglion to target organs
  • Pelvic splanchnic nerves (S2-S4) presynaptic fibers pass intrinsic
    ganglia at target organs
  • Postsynaptic fibers synapse on intrinsic ganglia on organ wall
71
Q

What is the function of the Parasympathetic Innervation?

A
  • Increase peristalsis
  • Vasodilation
72
Q

What is the Parasympathetic Innervation of the Foregut?

A

Vagus

73
Q

What is the Parasympathetic Innervation of the Midgut?

A

Vagus

74
Q

What is the Parasympathetic Innervation of the Hindgut?

A

Pelvic Splanchnic

75
Q

What is Referred Pain?

A

Visceral afferent fibers convey pain sensations and accompany SYMPATHETICS retrogradely (T5-L3 and S2-S4)

Visceral pain is POORLY LOCALIZED

Referred pain is the brain misinterpre<ng visceral pain as pain corresponding to the dermatome of the
same spinal cord level

Human Anatomy (15 decks)

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