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Thorax/Abdomen/Spine/Pelvis Flashcards

1
Q
  1. UPPER RESP. CONSIST OF:
  2. LOWER RESP. CONSIST OF:
  3. LODGED ITEMS TYPICALLY LOCATED:
    - WHY?
  4. WHICH LUNG HAS MORE LOBES?
A
  1. UR: NOSE PHARYNX & LARYNX (NOL)
    2.LR: TRACHEA, BRONCH TREE & LUNG
  2. RIGHT BRONCHUS (B/C WIDER)
  3. R = 3 LOBES
    - L = 2 LOBES
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2
Q
  1. WHY IS CHEST X-RAYS DONE ERECT?
  2. ROUTINE:
  3. ADVANCED:
A
  1. DIAPHRAGM DOWN
    - AIR-FLUID LEVELS
    - PREVENT ENGORGEMENT OF VESSELS

2.R: PA, LATERAL & SEMIERECT
3. A: OBLIQUE, LORDOTIC & LATERAL DECUB.

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3
Q

PA CHEST:
1. CR:
2. RESPIRATION:
3. IR LOCATION:
4. ANATOMY:

LATERAL CHEST:
1. CR:
2. RESPIRATION:
3. IR LOCATION:
4. ANATOMY:

A

PA CHEST:
1. CR: MSP @ T7
2. RESPIRATION: 2ND FULL INSPIRATION
3. IR LOCATION: 1.5-2 IN ABOVE SHOULDERS
4. ANATOMY: 10 POST RIBS ABOVE DIAPH.

LATERAL CHEST:
1. CR: MID THORAX @ T7
2. RESPIRATION: 2ND FULL INSPIRATION
3. IR LOCATION: 1 IN LOWER PA
4. ANATOMY: R & L RIBS NEAR SUPERIMP, R RIBS & COST. ANGLE SLIGHT POSTERIOR

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4
Q
  1. WHY 72 SID?
  2. HOW FIND T7?
  3. WHEN IS INSPIRATION & EXPIRATION PREFORMED FOR CXR?
  4. SIGNS OF TILTING ON CXR:
A
  1. DECREASE MAG. OF HEART (HEART LESS OID)
  2. PA: 7-8 IN BELOW C7
    - AP: 3-4IN BELOW JUG NOTCH
  3. PNEUMOTHORAX & FOREIGN BODY
  4. A. MANUBRIUM HIGHER T4 = POSTERIOR, LOWER T4 = ANTERIOR
    - B. LUNGS & HEART FORESHORTENED = POSTERIOR, ELONGATED = ANTERIOR
    - C. MORE 1in ABOVE APICIES = ANTERIOR, LESS 1in OF APICIES ABOVE CLAVICLES
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5
Q
  1. WHAT ERRORS FOR PA CHEST X-RAY:
    IMAGE A:
    IMAGE B :
  2. HOW TO TELL CHEST X-RAY ROTATION ON LATERAL?
A
  1. A = ROTATION: LEFT SIDE CLOSER IR IN IMAGE
    (STERNUM LEAST SUPERIMPOSED BY STERNUM WITH SPINE IS SIDE FURTHER FROM IR)
    B = TILTING: POSTERIOR MCP TILT
    (MANUBR. HIGHER T4, LUNG/HEART FORESHORT & LESS 1IN ABOVE APICIES)
  2. A. IDENTIFY GASTRIC BUBBLE (UNDER L HEMID)
    B. MORE 1/2in SEP. POSTERIOR RIBS
    C. LUNG TISSUE ANTERIOR STERNUM ONLY SHOWN WHEN RIGHT LUNG IS ROTATED ANTERIOR
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6
Q
  1. AP SUPINE / SEMIERECT CR: T7
  2. OBLIQUE CHEST ROTATION:
    - WHICH OBLIQUES?
  3. CARDIAC SERIES ROTATION?
  4. IS SEMIERECT CHEST GOOD FOR AIR/FLUID LEVELS?
A
  1. PERP. LONG AXIS STERNUM @ T7
  2. 45* OBLQIUES
    - AP = RPO & LPO = SIDE CLOSER IR
    - PA = RAO & LAO = SIDE FURTHER IR
    PA AWAY
  3. 55-60* ROTATION
  4. NO - NEED HORIZONTAL BEAM, DO ERECT OR DECUB.
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7
Q

AP/PA OBLIQUE RIBS:
1. CR:
2. ROTATION:
3. SIDE OF INTEREST FOR PA:
- AP:
4. HOW DOES SIDE INTEREST LOOK?

A
  1. PERP T7 - BTWN MSP & LATERAL MARGIN THORAX
  2. 45* ROT
  3. RAO = LEFT. / LPO = LEFT
    - LAO = RIGHT / RPO = RIGHT
    PA AWAY
  4. SIDE INTEREST ELONGATED ON IMAGE
    - 2X SIZE OF OTHER
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8
Q

AP LORDOTIC CXR
1. CR:
2. IR:
3. ANATOMY
4. ALTERNATIVE:
- CR:
5. CLINICAL IND:

AP R/L DECUBITUS CXR
1. CR:
2. ANATOMY:
3. MARKER:

A

AP LORDOTIC CXR
1. PERP. MIDSTERNUM, 3-4 IN BELOW JUG NOTCH
2. IR: 3IN ABOVE SHOULDERS, 1 FOOT AWAY IR
3. ANATOMY: APICIES FREE LUNG SUPERIMP BY CLAVICLES && CLAVICLES NEAR HORIZONTAL

  1. ALTERNATIVE: AP SEMIAXIAL
    - CR: 15-20* CEPHALAD @ MIDSTRN
  2. CLINICAL IND: CALCIF/MASSES UNDER CLAV IN APICIES

AP R/L DECUBITUS CXR
1. CR: HORIZONTAL @ T7
2. ANATOMY: AIR ON UPSIDE, FLUID ON DOWNSIDE
3. MARKER: DECUB MARKER & UPSIDE IS MARKED

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9
Q
  1. A. WHICH ARE TRUE RIBS?
    - B. WHICH ARE FALSE?
    - C. FLOATING?
  2. JOINT BETWEEN RIBS & VERTEBRAL COLUMN:
    - CONNECTED ANT OR POST?
  3. TYPE JOINT?
A
  1. FIRST SEVEN (CONNECT DIRECT STERNUM)
    - B. 8-12 (CONNECT 7TH)
    - C. 11 & 12 FLOATING
  2. COSTOTRANSVERSE / COSTOVERTEBRAL
    - POSTERIORLY
  3. SYNOVIAL & DIARTHRODIAL
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10
Q
  1. HOW DO YOU DEMONSTRATE RIBS ABOVE DIAPHRAGM?
    - BELOW?
  2. CR FOR ABOVE:
    - CR FOR BELOW:
  3. WHAT PROJECTION SHOWS AXILLARY?
    - SIDE INTEREST POSITIONED TO IR?
  4. HOW DECIDED AP OR PA RIBS?
A
  1. ABOVE = ERECT ON INSPIRATION
    - BELOW: RECUMBENT ON EXPIRATION
  2. ABOVE = T7 (3-4IN ANT JUG NOTCH)
    - BELOW = BTWN XIPHOID & LOWER MARGIN)
  3. OBLIQUE = AXILLARY
    AP: SIDE CLOSER IR
    PA: SIDE AWAY
  4. AP = POSTERIOR RIB PAIN
    - PA = ANTERIOR RIB PAIN
    (SIDE INTEREST CLOSER IR)
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11
Q
  1. RIB PROJECTIONS:
  2. PROJECTIONS RULEOUT POSSIBLE PNUEMOTHORAX, HEMOTHORAX & OTHER CHEST PATHOLOGY?
  3. RIB SID?
A
  1. AP/PA UPPER & LOWER
    - AP OBLIQUES (RPO & LPO)
    - PA OBLIQUES (RAO & LAO)
  2. ERECT PA & LATERAL CHEST
  3. 40 SID
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12
Q

AP/PA RIBS:
1. CR ABOVE:
- CR BELOW:
2. ANATOMY ABOVE:
- ANATOMY BELOW:

  1. WHAT IS APART OF BOTH DIGESTIVE & RESPIRATORY?
  2. WHAT IS PNUEMOTHORAX?
    - WHAT IS PNUEMONIA?
A

AP/PA RIBS:
1. CR ABOVE: T7
- CR BELOW: BTWN XIPHOID & LOWER RIB MARGIN
2. ANATOMY A: RIBS 1-9 AFTER INSP.
- ANATOMY B: RIBS 10-12 AFTER EXPIRATION

  1. PHARYNX
  2. PNUEMOTHORAX = AIR
    - PNUEMONIA = FLUID
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13
Q

1 OBLIQUE ROTATION:
- WHY?
2. IDENTIFY EACH IMAGE POSITION / RIBS OF INTEREST:

A
  1. 45*
    - MOVE SPINE AWAY FROM INJURY
  2. A: RPO = RIGHT AXILLARY POST. RIBS
    - B: RAO = LEFT AXILLARY ANT. RIBS
    - C: LPO ABOVE = LEFT AXILLARY RIBS
    - D: LPO BELOW = LEFT AXILLARY RIBS
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14
Q
  1. AXILLARY RIGHT RIBS = _______ OR ______
  2. AXILLARY LEFT RIBS = _______ OR ______
  3. Which two projections must be taken for an injury to the right anterior, upper ribs?
  4. What projection should be obtained on a patient with right axillary ribs injury on the posterior side?
A
  1. R = RPO & LAO
  2. L = LPO & RAO
  3. PA & LAO
  4. AP OBLIQUE - RPO
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15
Q
  1. DO ANTERIOR RIBS ATTACH DIRECTLY TO STERNUM?
  2. FLOATING RIBS ARE:
  3. WHICH BEST DEMONSTRATE AXILLARY LEFT RIB?
    A. AP. B. RPO. C. LPO. D. LAO
  4. Which joints articulate with a vertebra?
    A. Costovertebral. B. Costotransverse
    C. Costochondral
    - A. 1 & 2 - B. 1 & 3. - C. 2 & 3. - D. ALL
A
  1. NO - THROUGH COSTALCART.
  2. DONT ATTACH ANTERIOR / 11 & 12TH RIB
  3. C. LPO
    (AXILLARY = OBLIQUE, LEFT RIB = RAO & LPO)

4.

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16
Q
  1. BONY THORAX CONSIST OF:
  2. PARTS OF STERNUM:
  3. MEDIASTINUM CONSIST OF:
    - LOCATED:
  4. LOCATION FOR:
    A. JUGNOTCH
    B. STERNAL ANGLE:
    C. XIPHOID TIP:
    D. LOWER RIB MARGIN:
A
  1. RIBS STERNUM & THORACIC VERT.
  2. MANUBRIUM, BODY & XIPHOID TIP
  3. MEDIASTINUM CONSIST OF: HEART, GREATER BLOOD VESSELS & THYMUS &TRACH/ESOPH
    - LOCATED BTWN LUNGS
  4. LOCATION FOR:
    A. JUGNOTCH = T2-T3
    B. STERNAL ANGLE: T4-T5
    C. XIPHOID TIP: T9-T10
    D. LOWER RIB MARGIN: L2-L3
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17
Q
  1. PLUERA VS PERITONIUM?
    - LAYERS:
  2. STERNUM PROJECTIONS:
  3. SID:
  4. WHY ISNT AP/PA DONE?
    - WHY IS RAO DONE?
A
  1. PLEURA = DOUBLE LUNG
    - PERITONEIUM = DBL ABDOMEN
    - LAYERS: VISCERAL = INNER // PERI = AROUND // CAVITY = BETWEEN
  2. RAO & LATERAL (R OR L)
  3. RAO = 40 && LAT = 72
  4. STERNUM SUPERIMP BY T-SPINE
    - RAO MOVE STERNUM LEFT, AWAY FROM SPINE & TO PROJECT STERNUM OVER HEART
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18
Q

RAO STERNUM
1. CR:
2. OBLIQUE:
- RULE THUMB:
3. RESPIRATION:
4. ANATOMY:

LATERAL STERNUM:
5. CR:
6. RESPIRATION:
7. POSITION

A

RAO STERNUM
1. CR: T7, 1IN LATERAL ELEVATED SIDE
2. OBLIQUE: 15-20*
- LARGER PT = LESS ROT
3. RESPIRATION: ORTHOSTATIC
4. ANATOMY: STERN OVER HEART, ANT TO SPINE

LATERAL STERNUM:
5. CR: T7
6. RESPIRATION: SUSPEND INSPIRATION
7. ARMS BEHIND BACK

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19
Q
  1. PROJECTION VS POSITION:
  2. IF PATIENT CANT ORTHOSTATIC IN RAO STERNUM, WHAT ALTERNATIVE:
  3. WHAT 3 FOLLOW THE PA AWAY RULE:
A
  1. PROJECTION = PATH OF BEAM (IF ENTER ANTERIOR AND EXIT POSTERIOR = AP)
    - POSITION = PATIENT BODY WITH IR (IF LEFT POSTERIOR SIDE TO IR = POSTERIOR OBLIQUE)
  2. NO ORTHO = SUSPEND EXPIRATION
  3. CHEST, RIBS & LUMBAR
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20
Q
  1. SOFT TISSUE NECK EXAMINES WHAT?
  2. PROJECTIONS FOR SOFT TISSUE NECK?
  3. SID?
  4. CLINICAL INDICATIONS:
A
  1. UPPER AIRWAY
  2. AP & LATERAL (R OR L)
  3. AP = 40. && LAT = 72
  4. PATHOLOGY OF LARYNX & TRACHEA
    - UPPER AIRWAY FB
    - LATERAL = R/O EPIGLOTTIS
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21
Q
  1. WHICH PROJECTION RULES OUT EPIGLOTTIS?
  2. LARYNX EXTENDS FROM ___ TO ___
  3. TRACHEA EXTENDS FROM _____ TO ____
  4. WHAT IS CARINA & WHERE LOCATED:
  5. CARLIDGE IN LARYNX INCLUDES: (3)
A
  1. LATERAL SOFT TISS. NECK
  2. C3 - C6
  3. C6 - T4/T5
  4. END TRACHEA, T4/T5 - WHERE BIFICATES TO RIGHT & LEFT
  5. EPIGLOTTIS, THYROID CART & CRICORD
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22
Q

AP SOFT TISSUE NECK
A. CR:
B. RESPIRATION:

LATERAL:
C. CR:
D. RESPIRATION:

A

AP:
A. T1-T2 (1IN ABOVE JUG NOTCH)
B. SLOW DEEP INSPIRATION

LATERAL:
C. LARYNX & UPPER = C5
- TRACHEA & MEDISTINUM = T1 - T2

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23
Q
  1. HOW AND WHY DO CR CHANGE IN LATERAL SOFT TISSUE NECK?
  2. WHAT IS RESPIRATION AND WHY FOR SOFT TISSUE NECK?
  3. Why is the RAO sternum preferred to the LAO position?
    a. The RAO produces less magnification of the sternum.
    b. The RAO projects the sternum over the shadow of the heart.
    c. The RAO reduces dose to the thyroid gland.
    d. The RAO projects the sternum away from the hilum and heart.
A
  1. AREA OF INTEREST
    - LARYNX/UPPER = C5, TRACHEA/LOWER = T1-T2
  2. SLOW DEEP INSPIRATION TO ENSURE FILLING OF TRACHEA & UPPER AIRWAY WITH AIR
  3. b. The RAO projects the sternum over the shadow of the heart.
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24
Q
  1. IR CENTERED FOR PA OBLIQUE STERNUM?
  2. RESPIRATION FOR LATERAL STERNUM?
  3. STERNUM RAO OBLIQUITY FOR ASTHENIC PATIENT?
A
  1. IR CENTERED = CR
    - T7
  2. SUSPEND INSPIRATION (PROTRUDE STERNUM FORWARD)
  3. THIN PATIENT = MORE ANGLE
    20*
    (RULE THUMB STERNUM = LARGE PT = LESS ANGLE)
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25
1. The internal prominence or ridge in which the trachea bifurcates into the right and left bronchi is termed the: 2. AT WHAT LEVEL IS ABOVE? 3. When performing the lateral projection of the upper airway, exposure should be made during a slow, deep inspiration rather than at the end of the inspiration. a. True. b. False
1. CARINA 2. T5-T6 3. TRUE
26
1. HOW MANY BONES IN ADULT VERTEBRAL COLUMN? 2. WHAT ARE THE CURVATURES OF SPINE? 3. SPINAL CURVE: DESCRIBE EACH & WHERE LOCATED
1. 26 2. LORDOTIC & KYPHOTIC 3. LORDOTIC = CONCAVE (C & L) - KYPHOTIC = CONVEX (T & S/C) **LKLK**
27
1. WHAT IS ANOTHER NAME FOR SLIPPED DISK? 2. TWO PARTS OF INTERVETEBRAL DISK ARE __________ & _____________ 3. WHICH IS INNER? OUTER? 4. WHICH PART OF COLUMN HAS NO DISK BETWEEN SEGMENTS?
1. HERNIATED NUCLEUS PULPOSUS (HNP) - CLINICAL IND. FOR MYLOGRAPHY 2. ANNULUS FIBROSUS & NUCLEUS PULPOSUS 3. ANN = OUTTER. // NUCL = INNER 4. AT C1/C2 & SACRUM/COCCYX SEGMENTS
28
1. TWO MAIN PARTS OF VERTEBRA ARE: 2. WHAT PASSES THROUGH VERTEBRAL FORAMINA? 3. WHAT ARE UNIQUE FEATURES OF CERVICAL VERTEBRAE?
1. BODY & ARCH 2.. SPINAL CORD 3. TRANSVERSE FORAMINA IN TRANSVERSE PROCESS' - BIFID SPINOUS PROCESS = C3 THROUGH C6 - OVERLAPPING VERT. BODIES - ARTICULAR PILLARS (LATERAL MASS OF C1)
29
1. ANOTHER NAME C1: - UNIQUE FEATURES: 2. ANOTHER NAME FOR C2: - UNIQUE FREATURES: 3. ARTICULATION BETWEEN C1 & C2: 4. BEST PROJECTION TO SEE THIS:
1. C1 = ATLAS - NO VERT. BODY OR SPINOUR PROCESS - HAS LATERAL MASSES 2. C2 = AXIS - EXTRA TOOTH-LIKE PROCESS CALLED DENS / ODONTOID (ART. WITH C1) 3. ATLANTOAXIAL JOINT 4. OPEN MOUTH
30
1. LABEL THE IMAGE 2. WHAT PROJECTION IS THIS?
A. ODONTOID / DENS B. TRANSVERSE C1 C. LATERAL MASS C1 D. INFERIOR ART. C1 E. ATLANTOAXIAL JOINT F. BODY C2 G. SUP. ART SURFACE 2. OPEN MOUTH
31
1. WHAT IS PART OF LAMINA BETWEEN SUPERIOR & INFERIOR ARTICULAR PROCESS' 2. WHAT IS SPONDYLOSIS? 3. WHAT IS SPONDYLOLISTHESIS? 4. WHERE DO THESE EFFECT?
1. PARS INTERARTICULARIS 2. LYSIS = BONY DEFECT (SEPERATION OR STRESS FX) IN PARS ARTIC. 3. THESIS = ANTERIOR DISPLACEMNT OF ONE VERT. OVER ANOTHER. 4. PARS ART.
32
1. WHEN IS PARS INTERARTICULARIS SEEN ON T-SPINE X-RAY? 2. DOES EACH THORACIC VERTEBRAE HAVE FACETS ON VERTEBRAL BODY? 3. WHICH JOINT DO FACETS FORM WITH RIBS? 4. WHICH T-SPINE VERT DO NOT HAVE FACETS ON TRANSVERSE PROCESS?
1. OBLIQUE 2. YES - EACH HAS FULL FACET & 2 PARTIAL FACETS (DEMIFACETS) EACH SIDE 3. FACET ACCEPT HEAD OF RIB TO FORM COSTOVERTEBRAL JOINT 4. T11 & T12 T1-T10 FACET ART. WITH RIBS FOR COSTOTRANSVERSE JOINT
33
1. WHAT ARE ZYGAPOPHYSEAL JOINTS? 2. WHAT PROJECTIONS SHOW THIS? 3. WHAT IS INTERVERTEBRAL FORAMINA? 4. WHICH PROJECTION SHOW THIS?
1. JOINT BETWEEN SUPERIOR AND INFERIOR ARTICULAR PROCESS OF ADJACENT VERTEBRA 2. LATERAL C-SPINE, - T (70-75*) & L-SPINE (30-50*) OBLQIUE 3. OPENING BETWEEN SUPERIOR AND INFERIOR VERTEBRAL NOTCHES OF ADJACENT VERTEBRAE 4. OBLQIUE C-SPINE (45*) - LATERAL T & L SPINE
34
1. Z-JOINT ANGLE IN C SPINE: - T-SPINE - L-SPINE: 2. IVF ANGLE IN C-SPSINE: - T-SPINE: - L-SPINE: 3. WHAT SHOULD BE SEEN ON ACCURATELY POSITION L-SPINE OBLIQUE? 4. THREE OBLIQUES FOLLOW AP AWAY RULE:
1. 90* / LATERAL - T = 70-75* - L = 30-50* 2. C-SPINE: 45* - T & L = 90* / LAT 3. SCOTTY DOGS 4. C-SPINE, SI JOINTS & BE OBLIQUES
35
1. SCOTTY DOG: A. NOSE = B. EYE = C. NECK = D. LEG = E. EAR = F. DEMONSTRATES: 2. AP C SPINE OBLIQUES SHOW ______ SIDE - PA SHOW _______ SIDE 3. AP T SPINE OBLIQUES SHOW ______ SIDE - PA SHOW _______ SIDE 4. AP L SPINE OBLIQUES SHOW ______ SIDE - PA SHOW _______ SIDE
1. NOSE = TRANSVERSE 2. EYE = PEDICLE 3. NECK = PARS INT. 4. LEG = INF. ART. 5. EAR = SUPERIOR ART. 6. Z-JOINT ON L SPINE -------------------- C SPINE 45*: - AP = UPSIDE, PA = DOWNSIDE IVF T-SPINE (70-75*): - AP = UPSIDE, PA = DOWNSIDE L-SPINE (30-50*) - AP = DOWNSIDE, PA = UPSIDE
36
1. PROJECTIONS CERVICAL SPINE: 2. SPECIAL VIEWS: 3. SID:
1. AP AXIAL, LATERAL, AP OPEN MOUTH & AP/PA OBLIQUES 2. HYPER FLEX/EXT LATERAL, AP FUCHS, PA JUDD OR SWIMMERS 3. LATERAL = 72, AP = 40
37
1. LATERAL C-SPINE A. CR: B. RESPIRATION: C. ANATOMY: 2. AP AXIAL C-SPINE A. CR: B. ANGLE: C. PERPENDICULAR LINE: D. ANATOMY:
1. LATERAL C-SPINE A. CR: C4 B. RESPIRATION: SUSPEND FULL EXP. C. ANATOMY: C1-C7, Z-JOINTS & ART. PILLARS 2. AP AXIAL C-SPINE A. CR: C4 B. ANGLE: 15-20* CEPHALIC C. PERPENDICULAR LINE: OCCLUSAL PLANE D. ANATOMY: C3-T2 & OPEN INTERVERT. DISK SPACES
38
1. IF C7 IS NOT SEEN ON LATERAL, WHAT IS PREFORMED? 2. WHICH C-SPINE PROJECTION IS ALWAYS FIRST? 3. HOW MUCH OBLIQUING PATIENT FROM LATERAL FOR T-SPINE OBLIQUE?
1. SWIMMERS LATERAL 2. LATERAL 3. 15-20* FROM LATERAL (B/C 70-75 FROM AP (0))
39
1. AP OPEN MOUTH: A. CR: B. PERP. LINE: C. ANATOMY: 2. FUCHS: A. AP OR PA: B. CR: C. PERP. LINE: D. CLINICAL IND.: E. ANATOMY: 3. JUDD: A. AP OR PA: B. CR: C. PERP. LINE: D. CLINICAL IND.: E. ANATOMY:
1. AP OPEN MOUTH: A. CR: PERP. CENTER OPEN MOUTCH B. PERP. LINE: OCCLUSAL PLANE C. ANATOMY: ODONTOID PROCEESS, LATERAL MASSES & OPEN ATLANTOAXIAL JOINT 2. FUCHS: A. AP OR PA: AP B. CR: PARALLEL MML C. PERP. LINE: MML PERP. IR D. CLINICAL IND.: CANT DEMONSTRATE ODONTOID ON OPEN MOUTH E. ANATOMY: DENS OF C2 WITHIN FORAMEN MAGNUM 3. JUDD: A. AP OR PA: PA B. CR: PARALLEL MML C. PERP. LINE: MML PERP. IR D. CLINICAL IND.: CANT DEMONSTRATE ODONTOID ON OPEN MOUTH E. ANATOMY: DENS OF C2 WITHIN FORAMEN MAGNUM
40
1. HOW TO IDENTIFY HEAD TILTING TOO FAR BACK ON OPEN MOUTH C-SPINE? 2. HOW TO IDENTIFY HEAD TILTING TOO FAR FORWARD ON OPEN MOUTH C-SPINE? 3. WHAT ARE YOU ALIGNING IN OPEN MOUTH? 4. HOW DO YOU ADJUST THESE?
1. TOO BACK = HYPEREXTENDED - DENS AND ATLANTOAXIAL JOINT SUPERIMP. BY OCCIPITAL BONE 2. TOO FORWARD = HYPERFLEXED - UPPER INCISORS INFERIOR OCCIPITAL BASE 3. UPPER INCISORS AND MASTOID TIP PERP. IR 4. TOO BACK = TILT HEAD FORWARD - TOO FORWARD = TILT HEAD ABCK OR ANGLE 5* CEPHALIC - ALIGNED BUT STILL SUPERIMP = 5* CEPH
41
1. AP AXIAL OBLIQUE C-SPINE -A. NAME OF OBLIQUE: -B. CR: -C. ANGLE: -D. OBLIQUITY: -E. ANATOMY: 2. PA AXIAL OBLQIUE C-SPINE -A. NAME OF OBLIQUE: -B. CR: -C. ANGLE: -D. OBLIQUITY: -E. ANATOMY:
1. AP AXIAL OBLIQUE C-SPINE -A. POSTERIOR OBLIQUE -B. CR: 15-20* CEPH. @ C4 -C. ANGLE: 15-20* CEPHALIC -D. OBLIQUITY: 45* -E. ANATOMY: LPO = RIGHT IVF & RPO = LEFT IVF **SIDE FURTHER IR** 2. PA AXIAL OBLQIUE C-SPINE -A. ANTERIOR OBLIQUE -B. CR: 15020* CAUD C4 -C. ANGLE: 15-20* CAUDAD -D. OBLIQUITY: 45* -E. ANATOMY: RAO = RIGHT IVF & LAO = LEFT IVF **SIDE CLOSER IR**
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1. WHAT IS SID FOR OBLIQUE C-SPINE? 2. WHAT IS SID FOR HYPEREXTENSION/FLEXION? 3. WHY IS HYPER EXT/FLEX PREFORMED? 4. CR FOR HYPEREXTENSION/FLEXION: 5. HEAD POSITION IN EXTENSION: - FLEXION:
1. 40-72 2. 72 3. FOLLOW UP SPINAL FUSION OR R/O WHIPLASH INJURY 4. CR 5. EXTENSION = BACK - FLEXION = FOWARD
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1. CLINICAL INDICATION FOR CERVICOTHORACIC SWIMMERS LATERAL C-SPINE? 2. IF SHOULDER CAN NOT BE DEPRESSED IN C-SPINE SWIMMERS? 3. CR FOR S-SPINE SWIMMERS? 4. BREATHING? 5. ANATOMY? 6. SID FOR CERVOTHORACIC SWIMMERS LATERAL C-SPINE?
1. C7-T1 NOT SEEN ON LATERAL C-SPINE 2. ANGLE 3-5* CAUDAD 3. T1 4. ORTHOSTATIC (BLURRING NEEDED) 5. C5-T3 REGION SHOWN 6. 72 (ITS A LATERAL)
44
1. T=SPINE PROJECTIONS: 2. SID FOR T-SPINE: 3. WHAT PROJECTION MIGHT BE NEEDED FOR UPPER THORACIC REGION?
1. AP & LATERAL - OBLIQUE 2. 40 SID 3. CERVIOTHORACIC SWIMMERS LATERAL
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AP T-SPINE: 1. CR: 2. RESPIRATION: 3. ANATOMY: LATERAL T-SPINE: 1. CR: 2. RESPIRATION: 3. ANATOMY:
AP T-SPINE: 1. CR: T7 2. RESPIRATION: SUSPEND EXPIRATION 3. ANATOMY: C7-L1 LATERAL T-SPINE: 1. CR: T7 2. RESPIRATION: ORTHOSTATIC 3. ANATOMY: IVF DEMONSTRATED - T1-T3 NOT WELL SEEN
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1. WHAT IS FAT CAT IN AP T-SPINE? 2. WHAT IS DONE IF PATIENT HAS BROAD SHOULDERS IN LATERAL T-SPINE? 3. CR SHOULD BE PERP. TO ________ IN LATERAL T-SPINE. 4. OBLIQUITY FOR T-SPINE? - DEMONSTRATES?
1. ANODE HEEL EFFECT, CATHODE OVER LOWER T-SPINE SIDE /FEET 2. 10-15* CEPHALIC IF SPINE NOT HORIZONTAL 3. PERP. LONG AXIS OF SPINE 4. 70-75* ROTATION (15-20* FROM LATERAL) - DEMON. Z-JOINTS - AP = UPSIDE. /. PA= DOWNSIDE
47
1. ROUTINE L-SPINE PROJECTIONS: 2. ADVANCED L-SPINE PROJECTIONS: 3. L-SPINE SID:
1. AP/PA - LATERAL - LATERAL L5-S1 -AP/PA OBLIQUES 2. A: AP AXIAL L5-S1 - AP RIGHTLEFT BEND - LATERAL FLEX/EXT 3. 40 SID
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1. AP. L-SPINE A. CR: B. ANATOMY: C. PATIENT POSITION: 2. LATERAL L-SPINE A. CR: B. ANATOMY:
1. AP. L-SPINE A. CR: LUMBARSACRAL SPINE = L4/L5 (ILLIAC CREST) - L SPINE = L3 B. ANATOMY: T11 TO DISTAL SACRUM - IV DISKS OPEN (EXCEPT L5-S1) C. PATIENT POSITION: FLEXX KNEE/HIP REDUCE LORD. CURVE 2. LATERAL L-SPINE A. CR: LUMBARSACRAL SPINE = L4/L5 (ILLIAC CREST) - L SPINE = L3 B. ANATOMY: IVF SEEN
49
1. IF L SPINE AREA OF INTEREST, CR IS: - IF LS REGION INTEREST, CR IS: 2. CAN YOU DO PA L-SPINE? - HOW DOES AP DO THIS? 3. IF PATIENT HAS WIDER PELVIS, WHAT IS DONE? 4. IS L5-S1 OPEN ON LATERAL?
1. L SPINE = L3 - LS = ILLIAC CREST (L4-L5) 2. PA REDUCES LORDOTIC CURVE & PT DOSE - AP = FLEX KNEE AD HIPS 3. WIDER = 5-8 CAUDAD (EVEN WITH SUPPORT) 4. NO
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1. AP AXIAL L5-S1 A. CR: B. ANGLE: C. ANATOMY: 2. LATERAL L5-S1 "SPOT" A. CR: B. ANATOMY:
1. AP AXIAL L5-S1 A. CR: 2 IN BELOW ASIS B. ANGLE: 30-35* CEPHALIC - 30*(MALE) & 35* (FEMALE) C. ANATOMY: L5-S1 JOINT OPEN 2. LATERAL L5-S1 "SPOT" A. CR: 1.5 INFERIOR TO ILLIAC & 2 IN POSTERIOR ASIS B. ANATOMY: L5-S1 JOINT OPEN
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1. L5-S1 LATERAL, CR MUST BE PARALLEL TO __________ 2. WHAT IS USED FOR CR TO BE PERP IN L5-S1 LATERAL? 3. MALE ANGLE IS AXIAL L5-S1: - FEMALE:
1. PARALLEL INTERILIAC LINE 2. WAIST SUPPORT & CR 5-8* CAUDAD ANGLE 3. 30* CEPHALIC MALE - 35* CEPHALIC FEMALE
52
1. ROTATION FOR OBLIQUE L-SPINES: -BEST FOR Z-JOINTS: 2. AP OBLIQUES: -A. CR: -B. ANATOMY 3. PA OBLIQUE: -A. CR: -B. ANATOMY:
1. 50* = L1-L2 ZJOINT 30* L5-S1 Z-JOINTS 45* BEST FOR L2-L5 2. AP OBLIQUES: -A. CR: 2IN MEDIAL ELEVATED ASIS @ L3 -B. ANATOMY: ZJOINT CLOSER/ SCOTTIE DOGS *RPO = RIGHT Z JOINT && LPO = LEFT Z-JOINT* 3. PA OBLIQUE: -A. CR: 2IN LATERAL MSP ON ELEVATED SIDE @ L3 -B. ANATOMY: Z JOINTS FURTHER / SCOTTIE DOGS *RAO = LEFT ZJOINT && LAO = RIGHT ZJOINT**
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DESCRIBE ROTATION IN EACH IMAGE & HOW YOU KNOW:
1. ACCURATE: PEDICLE HALFWAY BETWEEN MIDLINE & LATERAL BORDER 2. EXCESSIVE: PEDICLES CLOSER TO VERT. BODY MIDLINE 3. INSUFFICIENT: PEDICLE CLOSER LATERAL VERT. BODY
54
1. CR FOR HYPRFLEXION/HYPEREXTENSION? 2. CR FOR AP/PA R & L BEND 3. CLINICAL INDICATION FOR ABOVE?
1. SITE OF FUSION 2. SITE FUSION 3. ASSES MOBILITY AT FUSION SITE - BENDING = SCOLIOSIS SERIES
55
1. WHAT IS SCOLIOSIS? 2. IR SIZE FOR SCOLIOSIS? 3. WHAT PROJECTIONS ARE IN SCOLIOSIS SERIES? 4. WHY IS PA USED?
1. ABNORMAL CURVATURE OF SPINE (COMMON IN KIDS) 2. TWO 14X17 & STITCH - ONE 14X36 *LOWER MARGIN IR 1-2 IN BELOW ILIAC CREST* 3. UPRIGHT & LATERAL / BENDING MAY BE DONE 4. PA REDUCE PATIENT DOSE OF THYROID & BREAST BY 90%
56
1. CAN YOU SHIELD IN SCOLIOSIS? 2. INTERVERTEBRAL FORAMINA IS SEEN ON WHICH THORACIC SPINE IMAGES? 3. CR ANGLE FOR AXIAL L5-S1 ON FEMALE?
1. YES!! BREAST SHIELD 2. LATERAL 3. 45* CEPHALIC
57
A radiograph of a lateral projection of the lumbar spine reveals that the mid- to lower-intervertebral joint spaces are not open. The patient’s waist was supported and the CR was perpendicular to the IR. Which of the following modifications will help open these joint spaces during the repeat exposure? a. Increase the SID for less divergence of the x-ray beam. b.Decrease waist support and/or angle the CR 5° to 8° cephalad. c. Have the patient hold her breath on a deeper inspiration to expand the thorax and straighten the spine. d. Increase waist support and/or angle the CR 5° to 8° caudad.
INCREASE WAIST SUPPORT AND.OR ANGLE 5-8* CAUAD
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1. PRIMARY CURVES ARE: 2. SECONDARY CURVES ARE: 3. The tapered end of the solid spinal cord is termed: 4. COSTOTRANSVERSE JOINT IS BETWEEN: A. Head of the rib and thoracic vertebral body B. Head of the rib and transverse process of the vertebra C. Tubercle of the rib and spinous process of the vertebra D. Tubercle of the rib and transverse process of the vertebra
1. P = THORACIC & SAC (KYPH) 2. SECONDARY = C & L (LORD) *PRIMARY & SECONDARY REFER TO WHICH FORM FIRST* 3. CONUS MEDULLARIS @ L1-L2 4. D. Tubercle of the rib and transverse process of the vertebra
59
1. CR FOR AP LUMBOSACRAL SPINE? 2. BONY STRUCTURE TO VERTEBRAL BODY: 3. Z-JOINTS IN L1-L2 SEEN IN: 4. CR FOR POSTERIOR OBLIQUE C-SPINE:
1. ILLIAC (L4-L5) 2. PEDICLES 3. 50* OBLIQUE 4. POSTERIOR OBLIQUE = AP OBLIQUE - 15* CEPHAIC AT C4
60
1. WHICH Z-JOINT SEEN ON AP OBLIQUE LUMBAR SPINE? 2. FUEGOSON METHOD USED IN? 3. Z-JOINTS LIE ANGLE OF ____ TO MSP IN C-SPINE
1. CLOSER IR 2. USE BLOCK IN SCOLI SERIES (CONVEX VS CONCAVE) 3. 90* (SEEN LATERAL)
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1. A patient comes to radiology for a study of the lumbar spine. The initial radiographs demonstrate potential pathology involving the L5-S1 zygapophyseal joint. Which of the following positions and/or projections would best demonstrate this joint space? 2. WHICH POSITION DEMONSTRATES LEFT INTER FORAMINA C-SPINE? 3. PROJECTIONS OF SACRUM & COCCYX? 4. WHAT MUST BE DONE BEFORE SACRUM / COCCYX EXAM?
1. R & L 30* OBLIQUE 2. LEFT = RPO & LAO 3. AP AXIAL & LATERAL 4. EMPTY BLADDER / MAY NEED CLEANSING ENEMA
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1. SACRUM HAS ___ SEGMENTS 2. COCCYX HAS ____ SEGMENTS 3. JOINTS BETWEEN SACRUM & PELVIS? 4. TYPE OF JOINT?
1. S = 5 2. C= 3-5 3. ILLEUM OF PELVIS & ARTICULAR SURFACE = SACROILLIAC JOINT (SI) 4. SYNOVIAL & AMPHIARTHRODIAL
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AP AXIAL SACRUM: A. CR: B. ANGLE: C. ANATOMY: AP AXIAL COCCYX: A. CR: B. ANGLE: C. ANATOMY: LATERAL SACRUM & COCCYX: A. CR: B. ANGLE: C. ANATOMY:
AP AXIAL SACRUM: A. CR: 15* CEPHALIC @ 2IN SUPERIOR PUBIC SYMP B. ANGLE: 15* CEPH. C. ANATOMY: SACRUM FREE FORESHORTENING AP AXIAL COCCYX: A. CR: 10* CAUDAD @ 2IN SUPERIOR PUBIC SYMPH. B. ANGLE: 10* CAUDAD C. ANATOMY: COCCYX FREE SUPERIMP & SUPERIOR PUBIS LATERAL SACRUM & COCCYX: A. CR: 3-4 POSTERIOR ASIS / 2 IN DISTAL ASIS B. ANGLE: N/A C. ANATOMY: LATERAL SACRUM & COCCYX
64
1. SI JOINT PROJECTIONS: 2. WHICH OBLIQUES DONE?
1. AP AXIAL & AP.PA OBLIQUES 2. PA OR AP OBLIQUES *R & L DONE TO COMPARE*
65
1. AP AXIAL SI JOINT CR: ANGLE: 2. AP OBLIQUE SI JOINTS: CR: OBLIQUE: ANATOMY: 3. AP OBLIQUE SI JOINTS: CR: OBLIQUE: ANATOMY:
1. AP AXIAL SI JOINT CR: 2IN BELOW ASOS ANGLE: 30-35* CEPPHALIC *MALE =30, FEMALE = 35* 2. AP OBLIQUE SI JOINTS: CR: 1IN MEDIAL UPSIDE ASIS OBLIQUE: 25-30 ANATOMY:SIDE FURTHER FROM IR - RPO = LEFT. && LPO = RIGHT *AP AWAY* 3. AP OBLIQUE SI JOINTS: CR: 1IN MEDIAL DOWNSIDE ASIS OBLIQUE: 25-30* ANATOMY: DOWNSIDE/CLOSER IR RAO = RIGHT. && LAO = LEFT
66
1. CR FOR AXIAL SI JOINT? 2. CR FOR AP OBLIQUE SI? 3. CR FOR PA OBLIQUE SI? 4. OBLIQUITY?
1. 30 (MALE & 35 (FEMALE) SEPHAIC 2IN SUPERIOR ASIS 2. PERP. 1 IN MEDIAL UPSIDE 3. PERP. 1 IN MEDIAL DOWNSIDE ASIS 4. 25-30*
67
1. WHY INTERNALLY ROTATE FEET ON AP HIP/PELVIS? 2. PELVIS CONSIST OF: 3. HIP BONE DIVISIONS: 4. WHAT IS BONY PELVIS?
1. FEMORAL NECK PARALLEL PLANE OF IR / REDUCE FORESHORTENING NECK 2. 2 HIP / INNOMINATE - SACRUM & COCCYZ 3. ILLIUM (SUPERIOR) - ISCHIUM (INF & POST) - PUBIS (INF & ANT) 4. BONY PELVIS = HIP BONES (PELVIC GIRDLE & SACRUM / COCCYX)
68
1. INNOMINATE BONE IS WHAT? 2. PELVIC GIRDLE REFER TO? 3. PELVIC BRIM DEFINED BY _______ ANTERIOR & ______ POSTERIOR. 4. TRUE VS FALSE PELVIS?
1. 2 HIP BONES 2. *ONLY* 2 INNOMINATE BONES 3. PUBIC SYMPH ANTERIOR AND SACRAL PROM. POSTERIOR 4. TRUE = LESSER PELVIS = INFERIOR BRIM, FORMS BIRTH CANAL -GREATER = FALSE PELVIS = AREA ABOVE BRIM
69
1. SUPERIOR APERTURE = ______ 2. INFERIOR APERTURE = _________ 3. AREA BETWEEN INLET & OUTLET = 4. SUPERIOR & INFERIOR RAMUS LOCATED? 5. TYPE JOINT OF PUBIC SYMP?
1. SUPERIOR = INLET 2. INFERIOR = OUTLET 3. CAVITY 4.PUBIS 5. SYNAMPHRIATHRODIAL
70
1. MALE PELVIS: 2. FEMALE PELVIS:
1. NARROW, DEEP, HEAVY - LESS FLARE -INLET OVAL / HEART - ARCH ACUTE / LESS 90* 2. FEMALE: - WIDER, SHALLOW, LIGHTER - MORE FLARED - INLET ROUNDER - ARCH OBTUSE (90*+)
71
1. PROXIMAL FEMUR CONSIST OF (4): 2. FEMUR HEAD/NECK IN RELATION TO BODY FEMUR? 3. WHAT IS INTERTROCHANTERIC CREST? - WHERE LOCATED
1. HEAD, NECK & GREATER/LESSER TROCHANTER 2. 15-20* ANTERIOR ANGLE 3. POSTERIOR JOINING OF TROCHANTERS ON FEMUR
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1. LOCATING FEMORAL NECK: 2. ROUTINE PROJECTIONS PELVIS: 3. ADVANCE PROJECTIONS PELVIS:
1. SEE IMAGE *1-2 IN MEDIAL & 3-4 IN DISTAL ASIS 2. AP, BILATERAL FROG LEG (MODIFIED CLEAVES) 3. A: AP AXIAL OUTLET (TAYLOR) - AP AXIAL INLET - POSTERIOR OBLIQUES (JUDET)
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AP PELVIS: CR: BODY POSITION: ANATOMY: BILATERAL FROG LEG (MODIFIED CLEAVES METHOD) CR: BODY POSITION: ANATOMY:
AP PELVIS: CR: MID BTWN ASIS & PUBIC SYMPH (2IN INFERIOR ASIS & 2IN SUPERIOR P.S) BODY POSITION: INTERNALLY ROTATE LEG 15-20* ANATOMY: GREATER IN FULL PROFILE LATERALLY - FEMORAL NECK W/O FORESHORT - LESSER TROCH. SUPERIMP BY FEMORAL NECK - SYMMETRICAL WINGS, SPINES & FORAMEN BILATERAL FROG LEG (MODIFIED CLEAVES METHOD) CR: 3IN BELOW ASIS, 1IN ABOVE PUBIC SYMPH BODY POSITION: 40 - 45* LEG ABDUCTION FROM VERTICAL ANATOMY: LESSER TROCHANTER PROFILE MEDIALLY - GREATER TROCH SUPERIMP BY FEMORAL NECK - FEMORAL NECK FORESHORTENED
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FEET ROTATION & ANATOMY SEEN FOR AP PELVIS: 2. HIP FRACTURE TYPICAL ORIENTATION
IMAGE 1: 15-20* MEDIAL ROTATION -LESSER NOT SEEN -FEMORAL NECK NOT FORESHORT IMAGE 2: FEET VERTICLE - LESSER PARTIALLY SEEN - FEMORAL NECK PARTIALLY FORESHORT IMAGE 3: FEET EXTERNAL ROTATED - LESSER IN PROFILE INTERNALLY - FEMORAL NECK GREATLY FORESHORTENED 2. EXTERNAL ROTATION
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1. HOW IS POSITIONING IN AP PELVIS? 2. PELVIS IMAGE ANALYSIS:
1. ROTATION - TO LEFT 2. TELL BY: A. ILLIAC WING: - ON UPSIDE FORESHORTENED (LOOKS NARROW) - DOWNSIDE WING LESS FORESHORTENED (LOOKS WIDER) B. OBTURATOR FORAMEN: - DOWNSIDE FORAMEN FORESHORTENED (CLOSED) - UPSIDE FORAMEN LESS FORESHORTENED (OPENED) C. SACRUM & COCCYX: - ROTATE TO UPSIDE HIP *DOWNSIDE =.SIDE ROTATED TOWARD* -IF PATIENT LEFT FORAMEN FORESHORTENED / CLOSED = ROTATED TO LEFT
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1. AP AXIAL OUTLET "TAYLOR METHOD" A. CR: B. ANGLE: C. ANATOMY: 2. AP AXIAL INLET: A. CR: B. ANGLE: C. ANATOMY:
1. AP AXIAL OUTLET "TAYLOR METHOD" A. CR: 1-2 IN DISTAL SUPERIOR PUBIC SYMPH OR GREATER TROCH. B. ANGLE: 20-35* CEPHALIC = MALE - 30-45* CEPHALIC = FEMALE C. ANATOMY: ISCHIUM & PUBIS MIN. SUPERIMP. - SUPERIOR & INFERIOR RAMI OF PUBIS MIN. FORESHORTEN 2. AP AXIAL INLET: A. CR: LEVEL ASIS (*INLINE WITH ASIS*) B. ANGLE: 40* CAUDAD C. ANATOMY: PELVIC INLET / RING - ISCHIAL SPINES FULLY DEMONSTRATED
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PELVIS - ACETABULUM POSTERIOR OBLIQUE POSITION "JUDET METHOD" 1. CR FOR AFFECTED SIDE DOWN: 2. CR FOR AFFECTED SIDE UP? 3. ANATOMY FOR AFFECTED SIDE DOWN: 4. ANATOMY FOR AFFECTED SIDE UP?
1. DOWNSIDE = 2IN DISTAL & 2IN MEDIAL DOWNSIDE ASIS 2. UPSIDE = 2IN DISTAL UPSIDE ASIS 3.DOWN ANATOMY: - ANTERIOR RIM - POSTERIOR ILIOISCHIAL COMULN - CLOSED FORAMEN 4. UP ANATOMY: - POSTERIOR RIM - POSTERIOR ILLIPOUBIC COMULN - OPEN FORAMEN (ANYONE REMEMBER IS CLASS PARTICIPATION COUNTED?) & (UPPO)
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1. ROUTINE PROJECTIONS OF HIP: 2. ADVANCED PROJECTIONS HIP: 3. IN JUDET, DO YOU DO ONE SIDE OR BOTH? 4. UPSIDE SHOWS: 5. DOWNSIDE SHOWS:
1. AP, FROG LEG MOD CLEAVES 2. DANELIUS MILLER & CLEMENT-NAGYAMA 3. BOTH TO COMPARE 4. DOWN ANATOMY: - ANTERIOR RIM - POSTERIOR ILIOISCHIAL COMULN - CLOSED FORAMEN 5. UP ANATOMY: - POSTERIOR RIM - POSTERIOR ILLIPOUBIC COMULN - OPEN FORAMEN (ANYONE REMEMBER IS CLASS PARTICIPATION COUNTED?) & (UPPO)
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1. AP HIP A. CR: B. POSITION: C. ANATOMY: 2. FROG LEG HIP (MODIFIED CLEAVES) A. CR: B. POSITION: C. ANATOMY:
1. AP HIP A. CR: PERP. FEMORAL NECK (1-2IN MEDIAL & 3-4IN DISTAL ASIS) B. POSITION: INTERNAL 15-20* C. ANATOMY: GREATER PROFILE LAT - FEMORAL NECK W/O FORESHORT - LESSER SUP. NECK 2. FROG LEG HIP (MODIFIED CLEAVES) A. CR: PERP. FEMORAL NECK (1-2IN MEDIAL & 3-4IN DISTAL ASIS) B. POSITION: 45* ABDUCTION FROM VERTICAL C. ANATOMY: LESSER MEDIALLY, - GREATER SUP. NECK - NECKS FORESHORTENED
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1. AXIOLATERAL INFEROSUPERIOR HIP: A. AKA: B. CR: C. LEG/IR POSITION: D. ANATOMY: E. CLINICAL IND. 2. MODIFIED AXIOLATERAL HIP A. AKA: B. CR: C. LEG/IR POSITION: D. ANATOMY: E. CLINICAL IND.
1. AXIOLATERAL INFEROSUPERIOR HIP: A. AKA: DANELIUS-MILLER METHOD B. CR: PERP. FEMORAL NECK & IR C. LEG/IR POSITION: IR PARALLEL FEMORAL NECK & PERP CR (ANGLE AWAY FRON BODY) D. ANATOMY: DISTAL FEMOR LATERAL E. CLINICAL IND: PT CANT ABDUCT AFFECT SIDE 2. MODIFIED AXIOLATERAL HIP A. AKA: CLEMENTS=NAKAYAMA METHOD B. CR: PERP. FEMORAL NECK & IR, ANGLED 15-20* FROM HORIZONTAL C. LEG/IR POSITION: BOTTOM IR 2IN BELOW TABLE - TILT IR 15* FROM VERTICAL & CR PERP. D. ANATOMY: HIP FX OR ARTHOPLASTY E. CLINICAL IND: NO MOVEMENT / POST REPLACEMENT SURGERY
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1.State which of the following is true with regard to the female pelvis. A. The ala are narrower than on a male pelvis. B. The overall shape is wider than on a male pelvis. C. The pubic arch angle is larger. D. The pelvis inlet is heart-shaped. 2. Which bony landmark should NOT be visible on a correctly positioned AP pelvis (nontrauma)? 3. What is the joint classification of the symphysis pubis?
1. B & C B. The overall shape is wider than on a male pelvis. C. The pubic arch angle is larger. 2. GREATER TROCH. 3. AMPHIARTHROTAL & CART.
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1. The external oblique position (with the affected side down) of the AP oblique projection (Judet method) demonstrates the _____ column and _____ rim of acetabulum. 2. Which bones fuse to form the acetabulum? 3. Where does the central ray enter the patient for an AP axial projection of the sacrum?
1. ILIOISCHIAL / ANTERIOR 2. d. Ischium, pubis, and ilium 3. 2 inches superior to the pubic symphysis
83
1. An AP hip projection with accurate positioning demonstrates the A. lesser trochanter in profile. B. greater trochanter in profile. C. femoral neck without foreshortening. D. sacrum rotated toward the affected hip. 2. A patient enters the ED with a possible separation of the symphysis pubis caused by trauma. The AP pelvis projection is inconclusive for determining the extent of the injury. What other projection can be taken to evaluate this region without excessive movement of the patient? 3. Which specific aspect of the sacrum articulates with the ilium to form the sacroiliac joint? a. Promontory b. Cornu c. Auricular surface d. Inferior articular processes
1. B & C B. greater trochanter in profile. C. femoral neck without foreshortening. 2. AP AXIAL OUTLET (TAYLOR) 3. c. Auricular surface
84
1. radiograph of an AP axial coccyx reveals that the symphysis pubis is superimposed over the distal end of the coccyx. Which of the following modifications will correct this problem during the repeat exposure? a. Decrease the CR angulation. b. Increase the CR angulation. c. Slightly oblique the patient. d. Ask the patient to empty her bladder. 2. The left SI joint is open with an RPO projection. A. True. B. False 3. The angle of the articulation between the sacrum and the ilia (the sacroiliac joints) is _____ degrees. a. 10 to 15 b. 15 to 20 c. 25 to 30 d. 45 to 50 4. A radiograph of an AP axial sacrum reveals that it is foreshortened and the sacral foramina are not clearly seen. The patient was in an AP supine position, and the technologist angled the CR 5° to 7° cephalad. What specific positioning error is present on this radiograph? a. Excessive CR angulation b. Rotation of the sacrum c. Insufficient CR angulation d. Wrong direction of the CR angle
1. b. Increase the CR angulation. 2. TRUE 3. c. 25 to 30 4. c. Insufficient CR angulation *NEED 15 CEPHALIC*
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1. BONE FORMATION IS CALLED: 2. PRIMARY CENTER OSSIFICATION? 3. SECONDARY CENTER OSSIFICATION? 4. SKELETAL MATURITY IS AT WHAT AGE?
1. OSSIFICATION 2. DIAPHYSIS 3. EPIPHYSIS 4. 25 YEARS OLD
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1. DIAPHYSIS LOCATED: - WHY IMPORTANT? 2. EPIPHYSIS LOCATED - WHY IMPORTANT? 3. WHICH END OF DIAPHYSIS IS METAPHYSIS? 4. WHAT IS EPIPHYSEAL PLATE? - WHERE LOCATED?
1. DIA = PRIMARY CENTER OSS. - MIDSHAFT OF LONG BONES 2. EPI = SECONDARY, - END OF BONES 3. WHERE BONE GROWTH IN LENGTH OCCURS 4. GROWTH PLATE - SPACE BTWN METAPHYSIS & EPIPHYSIS (PRIMARY & SECONDARY OSSIFICATION CENTER) - MADE OF CARTILAGE

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