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Digital Flashcards

1
Q
  1. __________ - REFERS TO ABILITY OF IMAGING SYSTEM TO DEMONSTRATE SMALL DETAILS OF AN OBJECT
  2. IN PSP, WHAT CREATES HIGHER SPATIAL RESOLUTION?
  3. PSP STANDS FOR:
    - PSP IS SAME AS:
A
  1. SPATIAL RESOLUTION
  2. THINNER PHOSPHOR LAYER, & SMALLER PIXEL SIZE
  3. PHOTOSTIMULABLE PHOSPHOR
    - CR
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2
Q
  1. IN FPD, HIGHER RESOLUTION RESULTS WITH:
  2. WHY IS DIGITAL MORE SENSITIVE TO SOFT TISSUE, SKIN, HAIR, ETC…. THAN FILM?
  3. WHAT IS SPATIAL RESOLUTION MEASURED IN?
A
  1. SMALLER PIXELS
  2. WIDER DYNAMIC RANGE / WIDER LATITUDE OF EXPOSURE
  3. lp/mm
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3
Q
  1. WHAT IS A PIXEL?
  2. WHAT IS DEL?
  3. THE _________ THE PIXEL, THE _________ SPATIAL RESOLUTION
A
  1. PICTURE ELEMENT, SMALLEST ELEMENT IN DIGITAL
  2. DETECTOR ELEMENT, CAN BE USED SAME AS PIXEL IN DIGITAL
  3. SMALLER PIXEL, GREATER SPATIAL RES.
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4
Q
  1. SMALLEST ELEMENT IN DIGITAL IMAGE:
  2. WHAT IS PIXEL BIT DEPTH?
    - FORMULA?
  3. BIT DEPTH DETERMINES __________
A
  1. PIXEL
  2. NUMBER SHADES GRAY DETECTOR IS ABLE TO DISPLAY
    - 2n^2
  3. CONTRAST IN DIGITAL IMAGING
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5
Q
  1. WHAT IS PIXEL PITCH?
    - MEASURED IN
  2. PIXEL PITCH & SPATIAL RESOLUTION RELATION:
  3. WHAT IS FILL FACTOR?
A
  1. MEASURE FROM ONE CENTER OF PIXEL TO CENTER OF NEXT
    - MICRON
  2. GREATER PIXEL PITCH INCREASE,
    SPATIAL RESOLUTION DECREASE
    (B/C INCREASING DISTANCE BTWN 2 PIXELS)
  3. ACTIVE AREA OF PIXEL OR DEL
    (THINK OF PICTURE: FRAME ISNT APART OF PHOTO, THE ACTIVE AREA IS LIKE PHOTO ITSELF)
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6
Q
  1. FILL FACTOR & SPATIAL RESOLUTION RELATION:
  2. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN DEL & PIXEL?
  3. WHAT IS A MATRIX?
A
  1. FILL FACTOR INCREASES = MORE AREA FOR RECORDING = HIGHER SPATIAL RESOLUTION
  2. DEL & PIXEL INTERCHANGEABLE WITH SPATIAL RESOLUTION
    ONLY DIFFERENCE IS DEL IS DIGITAL & PIXEL IS BOTH DIGITAL & FILM
  3. ARRANGED ROW & COLUMNS
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7
Q
  1. WHAT SIZE MATRIX IS DESIRED?
    - WHY?

2, WHAT DETERMINES SIZE OF PIXELS?

A
  1. LARGER PIXEL, SMALLER PIXELS
    - DETERMINES SIZE OF PIXELS INVERSELY (LARGER MATRIX = SMALLER PIXELS,
    SMALLER MATRIX = LARGER PIXELS)
  2. SIZE OF MATRIX
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8
Q
  1. TERM FIELD OF VIEW IS SAME AS SAYING _______
  2. WHAT IS FIELD OF VIEW?
  3. LARGER FOV = _________
A
  1. X-RAY FIELD
  2. AMOUNT OF BODY PART OR PATIENT INCLUDED IN IMAGE
  3. LARGER FOV = MORE AREA IMAGED
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9
Q
  1. WHAT OCCURS IF FOV DECREASES, BUT MATRIX SIZE REMAINS THE SAME?
  2. DECREASING FOV = ________ PIXEL SIZE
  3. WHAT FACTORS DESIRED FOR HIGH SPATIAL RESOLUTION:
A
  1. PIXELS MUST GET SMALLER TO FIT IN SMALLER FIELD (WHY COLLIMATION IS IMPORTANT)
  2. DECREASE FOV = DECREASE PIXEL SIZE
  3. LARGE MATRIX,
    SMALL PIXEL
    SMALL PLATE SIZE
    HIGH SPATIAL FREQUENCY
    SMALL FOV
    SMALL DEL
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10
Q
  1. WHAT IS THE ABILITY FOR SYSTEM TO DISPLAY SUBTLE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SHADES OF GRAY?
    - DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ADJACENT DENSITIES:
  2. WHAT IS DESIRED, HIGHER BIT DEPTH OR LOWER DIP DEPTH?
  3. IS FIELD OF VIEW FOR A FIXED MATRIX DIRECTLY OR INDIRECTLY RELATED TO SPATIAL RESOLUTION?
A
  1. CONTRAST RESOLUTION
  2. HIGHER = MORE SHADES GRAY
  3. INDIRECTLY
    - DECREASE FOV = INCREASE SPACIAL RESOLUTION
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11
Q

FILL IN THE CHART:

A
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12
Q
  1. WHAT REFERS TO ABILITY OF DIGITAL SYSTEM TO DISPLAY SUBTLE CHANGES IN SHADE OF GRAYS?
  2. WHAT IS NOISE?
  3. QUANTUM MOTTLE IS RESULT OF _________ & CONTRAST IS ________
A
  1. CONTRAST RESOLUTION
  2. ANYTHING INTERFERES UWGT FORMATION OF IMAGE
  3. LOW MAS
    - CONTRAST IS LOST
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13
Q
  1. CONTRAST RESOLUTION IN DIGITAL IS RELATED TO ___________
    - DIRECT OR INDIRECT
  2. WHAT AFFECTS CONTRAST RESOLUTION?
  3. TYPES OF NOISE:
A
  1. BIT DEPTH
    - DIRECTLY
  2. SCATTER
    - MUST CONTROL SCATTER
  3. QUANTUM MOTTLE, SCATTER, ANATOMICAL (SUPERIMP OF BODY PARTS) OR RADIOGRAPHIC NOISE (NOISE DURING ACQUISITION)
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14
Q
  1. WHAT IS ANATOMICAL NOISE?
  2. WHAT IS RADIOGRAPHIC NOISE?
  3. WHAT IS SNR?
A
  1. ANATOMICAL = SUPERIMPOSITION OF BODY PART
  2. NOISE OCCURRED DURING ACQUISITION / ELECTRONIC NOISE
  3. SIGNAL - NOISE RATIO
    - HOW MUCH NOISE CAN BE TOLERATED IN IMAGE BY RADIOLOGIST & TECH
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15
Q
  1. AS SNR INCREASES, _______ DECREASES & __________ INCREASES.
  2. IS HIGH SNR OR LOW SNR DESIRED?

3, RELATION BETWEEN SNR & MAS?

A
  1. INC SNR, DECREASE NOISE & INCR. PATIENT EXPOSURE
  2. HIGH SNR
  3. INC. MAS
    INC SNR
    DEC. NOISE
    INC. PT DOSE
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16
Q
  1. WHAT IS MEASUREMENT OF MONITORS ABILITY EMIT LIGHT & DISPLAY LUMINANCE?
  2. WHAT IS WINDOW WIDTH CONTROL?
    - WINDOW LEVEL?
  3. REFLECTED LIGHT FROM SURFACE OF DISPLAY (GLARE) IS KNOWN AS:
A
  1. LUMINENCE
  2. WIDTH = CONTRAST
    - LEVEL = BRIGHTNESS
  3. ILLUMINANCE
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17
Q
  1. WHAT IS THE APPEARANCE OF IMAGE ON DISPLAY MONITOR REFERRED TO AS?
  2. BRIGHTNESS IS CONTROLLED BY:
  3. CAN BRIGHTNESS BE ADJUSTED?
A
  1. BRIGHTNESS
  2. LUT
  3. YES POST PROCESSING WINDOWING (WINDOW LEVEL)
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18
Q
  1. WHAT IS THE ABILITY OF SYSTEM TO RECORD AVAILABLE SPATIAL FREQUENCIES?
  2. THE MORE LIGHT SPREAD = __________
  3. RATIO OF IMAGE TO OBJECT FOR PERFECT SYSTEM IS:
A
  1. MODULAR TRANSFER FUNCTION (MTF)
  2. LIGHT SPREAD = LOWER MTF (LOWER SYSTEM ABILITY TO RECORD DETAIL)
  3. MTF OF 1 OR 100%
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19
Q
  1. WHAT REFERS TO RANGE OF EXPOSURE VALUES THE IMAGE DETECTOR IS ABLE TO PRODUCE?
  2. WHAT IS DQE
  3. RELATION BETWEEN DQE
A
  1. EXPOSURE LATITUDE
  2. HOW EFFICIENT SYSTEM CONVERTS XRAY INPUT INTO USEFUL OUTPUT
  3. HIGHER DQE = HIGHER QUALITY IMAGES @ LOWER DOSE
    (HIGHER DQE MEANS YOU CAN DO MORE WITH LESS EXPOSURE - YOUR INPUT IS CONVERTED TO OUTPUT AT EFFICIENT LEVELS)
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20
Q
  1. WHAT IS DIGITALS EXPOSURE LATITUDE?
  2. PSP & FPD ARE _________ SENSITIVE TO SCATTER THAN FILM/SCREEN
  3. WHAT TYPE OF DETECTOR HAVE HIGHER DQE (MORE EFFICIENT)
    - WHAT TYPE OF CAPTURE?
    - WHY?
A
  1. WIDE LATITUDE

2, MORE SENSITIVE (B/C DETECTOR SENSITIVE TO WIDER RANGE OF EXPOSURE)

  1. AMORPHOUS SELENIUM DIRECT CAPTURE
    - B/C DONT HAVE LIGHT CONVERSION STEP & NO LIGHT SPREAD
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21
Q
  1. WHAT IS DOSE EFFICIENCY OF RECEPTORS?
  2. EI STANDS FOR:
    - WHAT IS IT?
  3. DI STANDS FOR:
    - WHAT IS IT?
A
  1. HOW EFFICIENT DETECTORS ARE
    - MORE EFFICIENT = LESS DOSE TO PATIENT REQUIRED
  2. EXPOSURE INDEX
    - AMOUNT OF EXPOSURE RECEIVED BY IMAGE RECEPTOR (NOT PATIENT)
  3. DEVIATION INDEX
    - DIFFERENCE BWTEEN ACTUAL EXPOSURE & TARGET EXPOSURE
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22
Q
  1. IS EI MEASURE TO PATIENT DOSE?
  2. KIND REFERSE TO:
    - KTGT REFERS TO:
  3. WHAT INFORMATION LETS US KNOW IMAGE WAS UNDER OR OVER EXPOSED?
A
  1. NO! ONLY MEASURE IR EXPOSURE
  2. KIND = ACTUAL EXPOSURE
    KTGT = WHAT SUPPOSED TO BE
    IN DEVIATION EXPOSURE

3.. EI & DI
EXPOSURE INDEX & DEVIATION INDEX

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23
Q
  1. WHEN CAN PROCESSING & MANIPULATION TAKE PLACE?
  2. WHAT IS PREPROCESSING?
  3. WHAT IS POSTPROCESSING?
A
  1. AFTER PHOTONS HAVE BEEN CONVERTED INTO ELECTRICAL SIGNALS
  2. TAKES PLACE IN COMPUTER WHERE ALGORITHMS DETERMINE IMAGE HISTOGRAM
  3. DONE BY TECH THROUGH FUNCTIONS AFTER PREPORCESSING
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24
Q
  1. _________ - CONTINUOUS, NOT BROKEN DOWN INTO INDIVIDUAL PIECES
    - EX:
  2. _______ - RECORDED AS MULTIPLE NUMERIC VALUES AND ARE DIVIDED INTO ARRAY OF SMALL ELEMENTS CAN BE PROCESSED IN MANY WAYS.
  3. WHAT IS ADC?
  4. WHAT IS BEING DIGITIZED MEAN?
A
  1. ANALOG
    - PAINTING
  2. DIGITAL
  3. ANAOLG TO DIGITAL, THIS IS WHERE ANALOG INFORMATION IS SENT TO BE DIGITIZED
  4. ANALOG IMAGE BEING ASSIGNED NUMBERS (1 & 0)
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25
Q
  1. WHAT IS SAMPLING?
  2. DO YOU WANT MORE OR LESS SAMPLING?
  3. WHAT IS QUANTIZATION?
A
  1. DATA POINTS SELECTED AT REGULAR INTERVALS
  2. REPRESENTATION OF STRUCTURE ARE TRUE THE MORE SAMPLING TAKES PLACE (CANT SAMPLE EVERYTHING B/C TOO MUCH FOR COMPUTER)
  3. PROCESS OF ASSIGNING NUMERICAL VALUES TO DATA POINTS
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26
Q
  1. VALUES ARE QUANTIZATION BASED ON:
    A.
    B.
    C.
  2. WHAT IS A GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF EXPOSURE VALUES COLLECTED FROM IMAGING PLATE WITHIN COLLIMATED AREA?
  3. GENERATED FROM LOCATING _________ & _________ WITHIN ANATOMICAL REGION OF INTEREST (VOI)
A
  1. A. BIT DEPTH
    B. SIGNAL RECEIVED BY IR
    C. LIMITED BY BIT DEPTH OF SYSTEM
  2. HISTOGRAM
  3. MINIMUM (S1) - LOWEST SIGNAL
    TO MAXIMUM (S2) SIGNAL - HIGHEST SIGNAL
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27
Q
  1. HISTOGRAMS COLLECT DATA FROM WHERE?
  2. ______ ENERGY = WIDER HISTOGRAM
    - _________ ENERGY = NARROW HISTOGRAM
  3. SHAPE OF HISTOGRAM IS BASED OFF OF _______
  4. AN EXTREMITY WOULD YIELD WHAT TYPE OF HISTOGRAM?
    - CHEST HISTOGRAM?
A
  1. FROM IR WITHIN COLLIMATED AREA
  2. LOW ENERGY = WIDER
    - HIGH ENERGY = NARROW
  3. ANATOMY SPECIFIC
  4. EXTREMITY = WIDE (LOWER KVP)
    - CHEST = NARROW (HIGH KVP)
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28
Q
  1. _______ IS USED AS CROSS REFERENCE TO TRANSFORM RAW INFORMATION TO CORRECT LUMINANCE (PROPER CONTRAST) VALUES
  2. WHAT IS AUTOMATIC RESCALING?
  3. AUTOMATIC RESCALING = _________ ADJUSTING
A
  1. LOOK UP TABLE (LUT) PREPROCESSING
  2. WHEN EXPOSURE IS GREATER THAN OR LESS THAN WHAT IS NEEDED TO PRODUCE IMAGE, AUTOMATIC RESCALING OCCURS IN EFFORT TO DISPLAY PIXELS APPROPRIATELY FOR AREA OF INTEREST
  3. BRIGHTNESS
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29
Q
  1. WHAT DOES LUT DO?
  2. HOW MANY LUT ARE THERE?
  3. AUTOMATIC RESCALING MEANS IMAGES ARE PRODUCED TO HAVE ________ REGARDLESS OF ________
A
  1. “FIX” AN IMAGE BEFORE SEEN
    - PIXELS CHANGED TO NEW GRAY VALUE WITH THE RESULTANT IMAGE WILL HAVE APPROPRIATE APPEARANCE
  2. EVERY ANATOMIC PART HAS OWN LUT

3.UNIFORMITY REGARDLESS AMOUNT EXPOSURE USED
(WHY YOU LOOK AT EI TO SEE IF OK)

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30
Q
  1. NYQUIST THEOREM STATES:
  2. WHEN DOES ALIASING OCCUR?
  3. NYQUIST THEOREM AKA:
A
  1. WHEN SAMPLING A SIGNAL, SAMPLING FREQUENCY MUST BE GREATER THAN TWICE FREQUENCY OF INPUT SIGNAL SO RECONSTRUCTION OF ORIGINAL IMAGE WILL BE AS CLOSE TO ORIGINAL SIGNAL AS POSSIBLE
  2. SAMPLING OCCURS LESS THAN TWICE PER CYCLE
    - WRAP AROUND IMAGE PRODUCED (IMAGE LOOKS SUPERIMPOSED)
    - MOIRE EFFECT
  3. SAMPLING THEOREM
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31
Q
  1. NYQUIST THEOREM STATES SAMPLING FREQUENCY MUST BE _____________ OF INPUT SIGNAL.
  2. MOIRE EFFECT OCCURS WHEN?
  3. IS AUTOMATIC RESCALING PREPROCESSING OR POST PROCESSING FUNCTION?
A
  1. GREATER THAN TWICE FREQUENCY
  2. GRID LINES PARALLEL TO SCANNER
    - SAMPLING LESS THAN TWICE PER CYCLE
  3. PREPROCESSING
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32
Q
  1. WHAT DOES EDGE ENHANCEMENT DO?
  2. EDGE ENHANCEMENT INCREASES ________ & ________
    - KNOWN AS: ________
  3. WHAT IS SMOOTHING?
    - KNOWN AS: ________
A
  1. AMPLIFYING PIXELS OF CERTAIN AREA OF INTEREST WHILE SUPPRESSING OTHER AREAS
  2. INCREASES CONTRAST & EDGE ENHANCEMENT
    - HIGH-PASS FILTERING
  3. AVERAGING PIXEL VALUES & REMOVING HIGH-FREQUENCY NOISE
    - LOW-PASS FILTERING
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33
Q
  1. WHAT IS HIGH-PASS FILTERING?
    - LOW PASS FILTERING?
  2. WINDOW LEVEL CONTROLS _______
    - WHERE ADJUSTED?

3 WINDOW WIDTH CONTROLS ______
- WIDTHS:

4, PRE OR POST PROCESSING FUNCTIONS?

A
  1. EDGE ENHANCEMENT = HIGH PASS
    - SMOOTHING = LOW PASS
  2. LEVEL = BRIGHTNESS
    - CONTROLS HOW LIGHT / DARK IAGE IS
    - ADJUSTED ON MONITOR
  3. WIDTH = CONTRAST
    - CONTROLS RATIO OF BLACK TO WHITE (CONTRAST)
    - WIDER WIDTH = LONG SCALE CONTRAST
    - NARROW WIDTH = SHORT SCALE CONTRAST
  4. WINDOWING = POST PROCESSING
34
Q
  1. WIDER WINDOW WIDTH
    = ____________ SCALE
    = __________ CONTRAST
    = _____________ GRAY VALUES
  2. NARROW WINDOW WIDTH
    = ____________ SCALE
    = __________ CONTRAST
    = _____________ GRAY VALUES
A
  1. WIDER WIDTH =
    LONGER SCALE CONTRAST =
    LOW CONTRAST
    = MANY GRAY VALUES
  2. NARROW WIDTH
    = SHORT SCALE CONTRAST =
    HIGH IMAGE CONTRAST
    = FEW GRAY VALUES (MORE BLACK /WHITE)
35
Q
  1. ________- - BLACKEN OUT WHITE COLLIMATION BORDERS & ELIMINATES VEIL GLARE.
  2. ______ - HOW IMAGE DISPLAYED
  3. ________ - MAKES AREAS LARGER
  4. ________ - PLACING ADDITIONAL INFO NEEDED ON IMAGE
  5. ________ - PUTTING MULTIPLE IMAGES TOGETHER WHEN ANTOMY TOO LARGE FOR ONE EXPOSURE
  6. _______ = REGION OF INTEREST
  7. THESE ARE ALL ________ FUNCTIONS
A
  1. SHUTTERING
  2. ORIENTATION
  3. MAGNIFICATION
  4. ANNOTATION
  5. STITCHING
  6. ROI
  7. POST PROCESSING
36
Q
  1. WHAT ARE CASSETTE BASED DIGITAL DETECTORS?
    A.
    B.
    C.
  2. WHAT ARE CASSETTELESS BASED DIGITAL DETECTORS?
    A.
    B.
    C.
    D.
A
  1. CASSETTE:
    A. PSP
    B. PSP/TFT
    C. PSP WITH CCD
  2. A. FPD/TFT
    B. CCD
    C. CMOS
    D. PSP WITH CCD
37
Q
  1. LAYERS OF PSP IMAGE CAPTURE (CR)
    NAME & BASIC FUNCTION:
    A.
    B.
    C.
    D.
    E.
    F.
    G.
A
38
Q
  1. ACTIVE LAYER OF PSP LAYER USES ________
  2. LATENT IMAGE BECOMES MANIFEST WHEN?
  3. WHEN SHOULD YOU PROCESS PSP IMAGE?
    - WHY
A
  1. BARIUM FLUORIDE
  2. BY USING READER
  3. IMMEDIATE B/C IT STARTS TO LOSE INFO RIGHT AWAY
39
Q
  1. PATTERN PSP READER SCANS:
  2. HOW IS SCANNING PROCESS LIGHT DETECTED?
  3. SCANNING ACROSS IMAGING PLATE CALLED _______
    - PLATE MOVES THROUGH SCANNER CALLED _______
A
  1. RASTER / ZIGZAG
  2. PHOTODETECTOR
  3. FAST SCAN
    - TRANSLATION
40
Q
  1. DURING WHAT PROCESS DOES PSP PLATE GO THROUGH READER?
  2. WHAT IS PHOTODETECTOR FUNCTION IN READER?
  3. LATENT IMAGE IS RELEASED FROM WHAT LAYER?
A
  1. TRANSLOCATION
  2. AMPLIFIES LIGHT AND SENDS TO ADC
  3. ACTIVE LAYER OF BARIUM FLUROHIDE
41
Q
  1. FUNCTION OF ADC:
  2. IN PSP, WHAT DETERMINES RESOLUTION?
    -DESIRED:
  3. WHAT IS MOIRE PATTERN?
A
  1. CHANGES ELECTRICAL SIGNAL TO DIGITAL SIGNAL
  2. PHOSPHOR LAYER THICKNESS & PIXEL SIZE
    (DESIRED: THINNER / SMALL)
  3. WAVY ARTIFACT CAUSED BY GRID LINES RUNNING PARALLEL TO LASER SCANNING
42
Q
  1. INCREASING COLLIMATION = _________ CONTRAST
    - WHY?
  2. WHICH SYSTEMS MORE SENSITIVE TO SCATTER?
    - WHY?
  3. HOW ARE PLATES ERASED?
    - WHAT OCCURS IF NOT?
A
  1. INC COLLIMATION = INCR. CONTRAST
    - B/C LESS SCATTER (LESS AREA TO PRODUCE CONTRAST)

2 PSP & DIGITAL (ABILITY DETCET MORE EXPOSURE LATITUDE)

  1. FLOODING WITH LIGHT REMOVE ELECTRONS
    - GHOST IMAGE MAY APPEAR IF NOT ERASED
43
Q

TFT FLAT PANEL ARRAY IMAGE CAPTURE
1. CONSIST OF:

  1. TWO TYPES:
A
  1. FLAT PANNEL ARRAY WITH XRAY ABSORPTION MATERIAL
  2. PHOTOCONDUCTORS (DIRECT CONVERSION)
    SCINTILLATORS (INDIRECT CONVERSION)
44
Q
  1. PHOTOCONDUCTORS ARE _____ CONVERSION
  2. SCINTILLATORS ARE _______ CONVERSION.
  3. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ABOVE TWO:
  4. WHAT ARE ABOVE TWO?
A
  1. DIRECT CONVERSION
  2. INDIRECT CONVERSION
  3. PHOTOCONDUCTOR XRAY TO ELECTRICAL CHARGE
    - SCINTILLATOR XRAYS-TO LIGHT)
  4. TFT FLAT PANELS
45
Q

DIRECT CONVERSION

  1. CONVERSION:
  2. DETECTOR TYPE:
    - MADE OF:
A
  1. X-RAYS INTO ELECTRICAL SIGNAL
  2. PHOTODECTOR
    - AMORPHUS SELENIUM (A-SE)
46
Q
  1. DIRECT VS INDIRECT CONVERSION WHICH MORE EFFICIENT?
  2. WHAT ARE MATERIAL THAT ABSORB X-RAYS RESULTING IN ELECTRICAL CHARGE?
  3. STRUCTURES SCINITLLATOR = _______
    - UNSTRUCTURED SCINILATTOR = ________
A
  1. FIRECT MORE EFFICIENT
    - INDIRECT = DECREASED MTF & DQE (BC MORE CONVERSIONS)
  2. PHOTOCONDUCTOR
  3. STRUCTUED - CSI (CESIUM)
    - UNSTRUCTURED - GDWO2S (GALIDEUM)
47
Q

INDIRECT CONVERSION

  1. CONVERSION
  2. DETECTOR TYPE:
    - MADE OF:
A
  1. XRAY TO LIGHT THEN LIGHT TO ELECTRICAL
    - SCINITLATOR -> A-SI -> ADC
  2. PHOSPHOR LAYER = SCINITLLATOR LAYER
    - CESIUM IODIDE OR GALLINIUM
48
Q

1, MOST POPULAR AMORPHUS SILICON:

  1. TRUE FLAT PANEL SYSTEM STEPS:
    A. SCINILATOR FUNCTION:
    B. AMORPHUS SILICON FUNCTION:
    C. TFT FUNCTION IN INDIRECT:
A
  1. CESIUM IODIDE
  2. SCINITLATOR (CESIUM OR GALLEDIUM) CONVERT XRAY TO LIGHT
  • AMORPHUS SILICON ABSORB LIGHT TO ELECTRICAL
  • TFT COLLECT & STORES CHARGES OF SI AND SENDS TO ADC
49
Q
  1. CCD STANDS FOR:
  2. HOW DOES CCD WORK?
  3. WHAT ARE OPTICS IN CCD?
A
  1. CHARGED COUPLED DEVICE
  2. PHOTONS INTERACT WITH SCINTILLATION & SIGNAL TRANSMITTEDD BY LENS OF FIBEROPTICS TO CCD
    - SENT TO ADC
  3. LENSES/FIBER OPTICS
    - CONTRIBUTE TO QUALITY OF IMAGE
50
Q
  1. WHAT IN CCD CONTRIBUTE TO QUALITY OF IMAGE?
  2. CMOS STANDS FOR:
  3. PHOTODIODE/PHOTODETECTOR FUNCTION:
A
  1. OPTICS /LENSES
  2. COMPLIMENTERY METAL OXIDE SEMICONDUCTOR
  3. ABSORB LIGHT AND GENERATE ELECTRICAL CHARGE
51
Q

FILL IN CHART:

A
52
Q
  1. CAPTURE ELEMENT FOR:
    A. CR:
    B. INDIRECT DR:
    C. DIRECT DR:
  2. COUPLING DEVICE FOR:
    A. CR:
    B. INDIRECT DR:
    C. DIRECT DR:
  3. COLLECTION ELEMENT FOR:
    A. CR:
    B. INDIRECT DR:
    C. DIRECT DR:
A
  1. CAPTURE ELEMENT FOR:
    A. CR: BARIUM FLIROHALIDE
    B. INDIRECT DR: CSI OR GDOS
    C. DIRECT DR: AMORPHUS SELENIUM (ASE)
  2. COUPLING DEVICE FOR:
    A. CR: N/A
    B. INDIRECT DR: LENS/ FIBEROPTIC OR AMORPHUS SILICON
    C. DIRECT DR: AMORPHUS SELENIUM
  3. COLLECTION ELEMENT FOR:
    A. CR: N/A
    B. INDIRECT DR: CMOS, TFT OR CCD
    C. DIRECT DR: TFT
53
Q
  1. WHICH IMAGING SYSTEM USES AMORPHOUS SELENIUM?
    - AMORPHUS SILICON?
  2. WHICH IMAGING SYSTEM USES FIBER OPTICS OR LENS?
    - WHAT IS ALTERNATIVE THAT OTHER IMAGING SYSTEM USES?
  3. SCINTILLATORS ARE:
    - USED IN:
A
  1. SELENIUM = DIRECT DR
    - SILICON = INDIRECT DR
  2. INDIRECT DR
    - AMORPHUS SILICON (INDIRECT) OR AMORPHUS SELENIUM (DIRECT)
  3. CESIUM IODIDE OR GALIDIUM
    - INDIRECT CONVERSION
54
Q
  1. WHY ARE ARTIFACTS AN ISSUE?
  2. DEAD PIXEL FIXED IN DR:
  3. GAIN CALIBRATION IS:
    - HOW FIXED IN DR?
  4. IMAGE LAG IS:
    - RESULTS IN:
A
  1. MISREPRESENT IMAGE INFO
    - COULD CAUSE MALFUNCTION
  2. INFO FROM SURROUNDING PIXEL USED TO FILL IN SPACE OF DEAD PIXEL
  3. FLAWS IN DETECTOR
    - REMOVE DENSITIES ON. IMAGE BY CREATING MASK OF THE DEFECTS
  4. SOME FLAT PANELS HAVE ABILITY TAKE IMAGES FASTER THAN DETECTOR CAN ACCOMMODATE
    - CAUSES DOUBLE EXPOSURE (PRIOR IMAGE STILL ON NEXT IMAGE)
55
Q
  1. DR ARTIFACTS INCLUDE: (3):
  2. CR/PSP ARTIFACTS:
  3. DIRT IN READERS RESULT IN:
A
  1. DEAD PIXEL, GAIN CALIBRATION & IMAGE LAG
  2. PLATE ARITFACTS (CRACKS, TAPE, HAIR, BACKSCATTER & GHOST IMAGE)
    - READER ARTIFACTS (ELECTRONICS CAUSING LINES, INSUFFICIENT ERASURE, GRID ORIENTATION, DIRT)
  3. WHITE LINES
56
Q
  1. GRID LINES IN READER MUST BE ________
  2. CRACKS, TAPE & BACKSCATTER ARE EXAMPLES OF:
  3. BACKSCATTER CAUSED BY:
    - RESULT IN:
  4. GHOST IMAGE CAUSED BY:
A
  1. PERPENDICULAR
  2. CR/PSP PLATE ARTIFACTS
  3. PHOTONS THROUGH BACK OF CASSETTE
    - DARK LINES
  4. FAILURE TO ERASE PLATE
57
Q
  1. BRAIN OF COMPUTER:
  2. BUS FUNCTION:
  3. SHORT TERM STORAGE:
  4. WHAT IS BINARY CODE?
A
  1. CPU / SMALL CHIP
  2. PROCIDE CONNECTIONS
  3. RAM
  4. COMPUTER LANGUAGE 1 & 0
58
Q
  1. BIT = _____
    - BYTE = ____
  2. TYPES OF MONITORS:
    - USED TODAY:
  3. MAIN STORAGE AREA FOR PC:
A
  1. BIT = 1 (SINGLE UNIT DATA)
    - BYTE = 8 BITS
  2. CRT, LCD, PLASMA, OLED
    - LCD & OLED
  3. HARD DRIVE
59
Q
  1. WHAT IS A HARD COPY?
  2. OS IS:
  3. WHAT DOES DICOM STAND FOR?
A
  1. CD & DVD
  2. OPERATING SYSTEM
    - BETWEEN APPLICATIONS & HARDWARES
  3. DIGITAL IMAGING & COMMUNICATION IN MEDICINE
60
Q
  1. WHAT IS DICOM?
  2. PACS STANDS FOR:
  3. PACS CONSIST OF: (4)
A
  1. STANDARD LANGUAGE TO EXCHANGE INFO & IMAGES WITH OTHER NETWORKS
  2. PICTURE ARCHIVAL & COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
  3. DIGITAL ACQUISITION (PICTURE)
    - DISPLAY WORKSTATION (VIEW & POST PROCESS)
    - STORAGE (ARCHIVE & STORE)
    - INTERCONNECTED THROUGH NETWORK (COMMUNICATION)
61
Q
  1. MOST INTERACTIVE PART OF PACS:
  2. ASP STAND FOR:
    - WHAT IS IT:
  3. WHAT IS TELERADIOLOGY?
A
  1. DISPLAY WORKSTATION
  2. APPLICATION SERVICE PROVIDER
    - COMPANY PAID TO ARCHIVE / KEEP RECORDS SAFE
  3. REMOTE TRANSMISSION & VIEWING IMAGES
62
Q
  1. HIS STAND FOR:
  2. RIS STAND FOR:
  3. COMPUTER NETWORKS: (2)
    - NAME & TYPE
A
  1. HOSPITAL INFO SYSTEM
  2. RADIOLOGY INFO SYSTEM
  3. WAN (WIDE AREA NETWORK)
    - LAN (LOCAL AREA NETWORK)
63
Q
  1. WHAT IS FILM DIGITIZER?
  2. TYPES OF FILM DIGITIZER:
  3. WHAT IS IMAGERS
    - TYPES
A
  1. PERIPHERAL DEVICE OF PACS
    - XRAY FILM TO DIGITAL
  2. LASER & CCD
  3. PERIPHERAL PACS DEVICE
    - FILM PRINTERS
    -WET (USES CHEMICALS) & DRY IMAGERS (HEAT)
64
Q
  1. QA REFERS TO ______
  2. QC REFERS TO _______
  3. QA INCLUDES:
  4. QC INCLUDES:
A
  1. QA = PATIENT CARE
  2. QC = EQUIPTMENT
    1. QA = SCHEDULING, RECEPTION & PREPARATION
  4. QC = MONITOR AND MAINTAIN SYSTEM
65
Q
  1. WHAT IS ESSENTIAL IN QC?
  2. 3 STEPS BOF QC PROGRAM
  3. EXPLAIN EACH STEP:
A
  1. DOCUMENTATION
  2. ACCEPTANCE TESTING
    - ROUTINE PERFORMANCE MONITORING
    - MAINTENANCE
  3. NEW EQUIPMENT = ACCEPTANCE TESTED
    - PERIODIC MONITORING WITH USED EQUIPMENT
    - PREVENTATIVE MAINTENANCE BEFORE REPAIRS
66
Q
  1. WHO PREFORMS ACCEPTANCE TESTING?
  2. WHAT DOES PENNY TEST MONITOR?
  3. WHAT MUST CENTRAL RAY ALIGNMENT BE WITHIN?
A
  1. NOT MANUFACTURE REP.
    - USUALLY PHYSICIST
  2. LIGHT FIELD ALIGNMENT

3.1% SIDE (SHOULD BE DIRECTED AT CENTER)

67
Q
  1. LIGHT FIELD TO RADIATION ALIGNMENT MUST BE:
  2. 40 SID ACCURACY = _______
  3. PBL STAND FOR
    - ACCURACY WITHIN:
A
  1. WITHIN +/- 2% SIDE
  2. +/- 2 CM = .8in
  3. POSITIVE BEAM LIMITATION
    - AUTOMATIC COLLIMATE LIGHTS MUST CONTROL FIELD WITHIN 2% SID
68
Q
  1. WHAT IS EXPOSURE LINEARITY?
  2. WHAT MUST IT BE WITHIN?
  3. WHAT IS EXPOSURE REPRODUCIBILITY?
A
  1. ABILITY OF XRAY UNIT PRODUCE CONSTANT STEADY RADIATION OUTPUT
    - AT GIVEN MA & TIME
  2. WITHIN 10% BETWEEN MA STATIONS
  3. CONSISTENCY IN OUTPUT RADIATION INTENSITY
69
Q
  1. HOW IS EXPOSURE REPRODUCIBILITY BE VERIFIED?
  2. MUST BE WITHING:
  3. HOW OFTEN IS PROTECTIVE APPAREL CHECKED
    - HOW?
A
  1. USING SAME TECHNICAL EXPOSURE FACTORS TO MAKE SERIES OF REPEATED EXPOSURE & OBSERVE HOW EACH VARY
  2. NO MORE THAN 5%
  3. ANNUALLY
    - FLURO
70
Q
  1. TYPES OF QC FOR DIGITAL DISPLAY DEVICES:
  2. REASON FOR QC FOR DIGITAL DISPLAY DEVICES
  3. HOW OFTEN IS VISUAL EVALUATION OF DISPLAY MONITOR PREFORMED?
A
  1. SMPTE & AAPM
  2. ENSURE RADIOLOGIST IS PROVIDED WITH OPTIMAL IMAGE THROUGH FOOD EQUIPMENT PERFORMANCE WITH MINIMAL PATIENT DOSE
  3. REGULARLY / DAILY
71
Q
  1. WHAT DOES SMPTE TEST?
  2. HOW OFTEN PREFORMED?
  3. WHAT IS LUMINANCE?
    - HOW MEASURED?
A
  1. RESOLUTION OF DISPLAY SYSTEMS / POINT OUT GROSS DEVIATION
  2. MONTHLY AT LEAST
  3. INTENSITY OF LIGHT EMITTED BY DISPLAY
    -DIRECTLY BY PHOTOMETER
72
Q
  1. How often must radiographic equipment be checked for linearity and reproducibility?
    a. annually B. biannually
    c. semiannually d. Quarterly
  2. Which of the following is true regarding viewing conditions for digital images?
    a. Bright lighting is desired B. Too much light causes the image to appear dark
    c. Low light level is desirable d. B & C
  3. As window level increases:
    a. Contrast increases B. Brightness Increases
    c. Contrast decreases d. Brightness decreases
A
  1. A. ANNUALLY
  2. D. B. Too much light causes the image to appear dark. & c. Low light level is desirable
  3. B. BRIGHTNESS INCREASES
73
Q
  1. A slit camera is used to measure:
    a. Dynamic range B. Focal spot size
    c. Spatial resolution d. B & C
  2. The regular measurement and evaluation of radiographic equipment components and their performance is called
    a. Postprocessing B. Quality assurance
    c. Quality control d. Quality congruence
  3. The advantages of CMOS over CCDs include:
  4. Less expensive 2. Much greater speed
  5. Better image quality
    a. 1 only B. 1&2 c. 2&3 d. 1,2,3
A
  1. D. B & C .
    B. Focal spot size. & c. Spatial resolution
  2. C. QUALITY CONTROL
  3. B. 1 & 2
  4. Less expensive & 2. Much greater speed
74
Q

CCD OR CMOS
1. Which uses less power?
2. Which is more expensive?
3. Which is between quality?

A
  1. CMOS
  2. CCD
  3. CCD
75
Q

ONE. The functions of PACS include:
1. Processing of the digital image
2. Reception of digital images
3. Storage of digital images
a. 1 only B. 1&2 c. 2&3 d. 1,2,3

  1. The kV settings on radiographic equipment must be tested annually and must be accurate within:
    a. +/- 2kV B. +/- 4kV c. +/- 6kV d. +/- 8V
  2. Required corrections made to “raw” digital image data that occur as a result of inherent flaws in the image acquisition system is referred to as:
    a. preprocessing B. postprocessing
    c. windowing d. leveling
A
  1. C. 2 & 3
  2. Reception of digital images & 3. Storage of digital images
  3. B. +/- 4kV
  4. a. preprocessing
76
Q
  1. Chose the formula that would determine the total number of heat units for a given exposure using a 3 phase, 6 pulse equipment
    a. mA x time x kV B. mA x time x kV x 0.6
    c. mA x time x kV x 1.2 d. mA x time x kV x 1.4
  2. Chose the formula that would determine the total number of heat units for a given exposure using a single phase equipment
    a. mA x time x kV B. mA x time x kV x 0.6
    c. mA x time x kV x 1.2 d. mA x time x kV x 1.4
  3. Which of the following will most likely produce the highest quality radiographic image
    a. High SNR B. Low SNR c. Low contrast resolution d. Moderate noise
A
  1. d. mA x time x kV x 1.4
    - LOOK AT PHASE
  2. a. mA x time x kV
  3. a. High SNR
77
Q
  1. What is the purpose of the thin layer of lead that is often located in the rear portion of an IP (cassette)
    a. To prevent crossover B. To increase speed
    c. To diffuse light photons d. To prevent scattered radiation fog
  2. This allows for multiple users to view the same image at the same time at different locations is
    a. PACS B. RIS c. HIS d. HL7
  3. If an unused PSP has been stored for 48 hours or more, it should be erased prior to use to avoid
    a. Phantom image formation B. Aliasing artifact
    c. Image distortion d. Image fog
  4. PHANTOM IMAGE VS GHOST IMAGE/FOG?
A
  1. d. To prevent scattered radiation fog
  2. . PACS
  3. D. IMAGE FOG
  4. PHANTOM = NOT ERASED
    GHOST = BACKGROUND RADIATION
78
Q
  1. The main difference between the direct-capture and indirect capture DR is that
    a. Direct capture/conversion has no scintillator
    B. Direct capture/conversion uses a PSP
    c. With Direct capture/conversion, light is detected by CCDs
    d. With Direct capture/conversion, light is detected by TFTs
  2. The x-ray photon detector in direct-capture system is
    a. scintillator B. a-Se
    c. CsI d. None of the above
  3. The term used to describe the number of bits per pixel, which has a significant effect on image grayscale,
    a. voxel B. Bit depth c. histogram d. TFT
A
  1. a. Direct capture/conversion has no scintillator
  2. B. a-Se
  3. B. Bit depth
79
Q
  1. An algorithm, as used in x-ray imaging,
    a. Is a geometric formula
    B. Produces specific exposure factors
    c. Is a series of variable instructions
    d. Produces predetermined exposure factors
  2. In electronic imaging, as digital image matrix size increases,
  3. Pixel size decreases
  4. Resolution decreases
  5. FOV decreases
    a. 1 only B. 2 only c. 1&2 d. 2&3
  6. WHAT IS IMAGED?
A
  1. c. Is a series of variable instructions
  2. a. 1 only
  3. Pixel size decreases
  4. SMPTE
80
Q
  1. All the following will result in histogram analysis errors except
    a. unusual pathologic conditions.
    b. poor positioning.
    c. motion.
    d. alignment of the anatomic part with the IR.
  2. The _____________ is used in DR systems to monitor radiation output and dose to the patient.
  3. IN CR, DO CASSETTE SIZES ALTER RECORDED DETAIL ABILITY?
A
  1. C. MOTION
  2. DAP (DOSE AREA PRODUCT)
  3. YES.- SMALLER CASSETTE = GREATER DETAIL
81
Q
  1. When specialized pixels in a complementary metal oxide silicon system are struck with x-ray photons:
    a.the x-ray photons are converted into light.
    b. Light photons are stored in capacitors.
    c. light photons are converted into electrical charges.
    d. all of the above.
  2. DETECTOR IN WHICH EACH PIXEL HAS ITS OWN AMPLIFIED IS KNOWN AS:
  3. A Gd2O2S scintillator is known as what type of phosphor?
    a. Turbid
    b. Unstructured
    c. Structured
    d. Both a and b
A
  1. ALL ABOVE
  2. CMOS

D. UNSTRUCTURED & TURBID

Ketering (13 decks)

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